Il battesimo e l’unità dei cristiani. Una prospettiva evangelica

Questo saggio è la riproduzione de “Il battesimo e l’unità dei cristiani. Confronto con la prospettiva evangelica protestante”, Parola e Tempo XI/11 (2012) pp. 183-187.

Nella storia delle varie correnti del protestantesimo, il battesimo è stato oggetto di dibattito teologico ed ecclesiale più che un pacifico e scontato segno d’unità. Tutta la Riforma, in continuità con l’insegnamento biblico e la tradizione della chiesa, ha riconosciuto nel battesimo un importante snodo dell’iniziazione alla fede cristiana, ma non ha potuto semplicemente ripetere e consolidare la teologia battesimale ereditata. Il ritorno ad fontes, alla Scrittura, ha comportato la rivisitazione critica della teologia e della prassi del battesimo e ha spronato la chiesa a non vivere d’inerzia teologica anche in questo campo e a sviluppare la fedele creatività rispetto alla Parola di Dio[1].

La storia successiva al XVI secolo ha consolidato la vocazione del protestantesimo ad essere istanza critica ed autocritica del cristianesimo (con Paul Tillich, si potrebbe dire “profetica”), non dando semplicemente per acquisito ciò che invece doveva e deve essere sempre posto al vaglio della Parola. Questa Parola ha l’autorità spirituale di scalzare ogni equilibrio pre-esistente per riformarlo dalle sue incrostazioni spurie e conformarlo viepiù al proprio insegnamento. Sia la Riforma radicale (o anabattista) del XVI secolo che il battismo riformato del XVII secolo, pur con le loro diverse enfasi e preoccupazioni, sono movimenti evangelicamente vivi che obbligano la chiesa a mantenere uno stato di vigilanza teologica.

Il battesimo è allora una specie di case-study dell’impatto riformatore che il protestantesimo ha avuto e continua ad avere per spronare la chiesa a una maggiore aderenza e fedeltà al Signore che si è fatto conoscere mediante la Sua Parola. Tale profilo ha delle ripercussioni anche per quanto riguarda la relazione tra il battesimo e l’unità dei cristiani.

1. Battesimo e unità del corpus christianum

Il battesimo che la Riforma sottopose ad analisi critica era un battesimo che aveva assunto diversi significati impropri e che la Riforma contribuì a spurgare dalle escrescenze della storia. Si trattava di un battesimo appesantito da significati esterni di cui era stato investito impropriamente.

La teoria del corpus christianum aveva di fatto portato alla coincidenza tra la comunità della chiesa e quella dello stato. I confini tra le due erano talmente sovrapposti da far assimilare una comunità all’altra e vice versa. Una persona era cristiana in quanto cittadino e cittadino in quanto cristiano. Il battesimo era allora diventato un rito di passaggio che immetteva nella chiesa e, contemporaneamente, nella polis. Si trattava, evidentemente, di una forzatura del significato del battesimo che aveva introdotto pesanti distorsioni sulla specificità cristiana dello stesso. Anche la Riforma magisteriale fu condizionata dalla teoria del corpus christianum mentre fu la Riforma radicale (l’Anabattismo) a spezzare l’improprio connubio, non senza conflitti e polemiche.

La battaglia dell’Anabattismo fu, tra gli altri elementi, motivata dalla giusta necessità di distinguere le due comunità: quella spirituale della chiesa cristiana e quella pubblica della comunità civile. Così facendo, sottopose a revisione critica la prassi di battezzare gli infanti sostituendola con quella del battesimo degli adulti credenti e tolse alla chiesa la funzione civile di amministrare del tutto impropriamente un segno d’ingresso nella polis. Il battesimo veniva così sottratto all’equivoco di essere un evento-soglia amministrato dalla chiesa, ma anche con effetti di cittadinanza civile. Esso tornava ad essere quello per cui era stato istituito, all’interno della visione del mondo cristiana, senza dilatazioni ed incrementi che, in realtà, avevano portato ad una sua contraffazione[2].

Senza voler forzare i termini di linguaggi posteriori, si potrebbe comunque dire che riportare il battesimo ad essere un segno di iniziazione cristiana soltanto, senza errate sovrapposizioni di ordine civile, fu un contributo fondamentale al processo di crescita della cultura della laicità, nel senso della distinzione tra due sfere che, biblicamente parlando, devono rimanere tali. Il battesimo cessò di essere un segno di unità dei cristiani che aveva confuso quell’unità con l’essere parte della comunità civile e si avviò sulla strada per riscoprire il suo significato teologico proprio. L’Anabattismo ha reso un servizio fondamentale alla valorizzazione del profilo cristiano del battesimo, liberato finalmente dalle sovrastrutture civili che lo avevano reso, snaturandolo, un altro ordinamento.

2. Battesimo e unità dei professanti

Un altro fronte della riforma del battesimo riguardò il recupero dell’elemento confessante innato nella prassi neotestamentaria di questo ordinamento. Nel Nuovo Testamento, il battesimo segue normalmente la dichiarazione pubblica della fede del battezzando ed è amministrato dalla chiesa dopo la predicazione dell’evangelo e dopo la ricezione della medesima nella vita spiritualmente rinata del credente. Esso è pertanto un segno della fede professata da parte del battezzando che, in virtù di una testimonianza di fede ricevuta, viene battezzato dalla chiesa in quanto credente in Gesù Cristo.

            Si trattava, allora, di rimettere mano alla prassi che aveva visto privilegiare l’amministrazione del battesimo agli infanti per ripristinare il significato confessante dell’ordinamento[3]. Non era tanto la fede dei genitori, né l’ingresso del neonato in una comunità dell’alleanza, né la forza sacramentale dell’atto in quanto tale, quanto la fede personale, consapevole e pubblica del credente che vedeva nel battesimo un atto di ubbidienza successiva alla conversione in comunione con la chiesa. La Confessione di fede battista del 1689, che stabilizza la dottrina battista un secolo dopo la Riforma, così si esprime a proposito del soggetti candidati del battesimo: “Gli unici soggetti legittimati a sottoporsi a questa ordinanza sono coloro che sinceramente professano ravvedimento a Dio, fede nel nostro Signore Gesù Cristo ed obbedienza a Lui” (art. 29)[4]. Da questo ne consegue un’ecclesiologia non più moltitudinista (che abbraccia tutti i battezzati, a prescindere dal loro vissuto di fede reale), bensì confessante (che riguarda tutti i credenti). La chiesa è, in altre parole, formata dai credenti, non da chi ha ricevuto un sacramento d’iniziazione, ma non vive la fede.

Il battismo evangelico problematizza la comprensione del battesimo come segno che precede la ricezione della fede (ex-ante) e sposta l’attenzione sul battesimo in quanto segno che segue la ricezione individuale della fede (ex-post). Il battesimo come segno di unità riguarda allora i credenti professanti che, in quanto credenti, sono stati battezzati dalla chiesa. Il criterio di unità risulta rovesciato. Non è il battesimo che unisce, ma è la fede ricevuta per grazia soltanto da Dio che unisce. Questa fede viene professata dai credenti che, avendone dato testimonianza pubblica col battesimo, sono quindi uniti in Gesù Cristo. Il battesimo non è allora un sacramento avente un’efficacia a sé stante o una forza causativa indipendente, quanto un atto che testimonia una realtà che lo precede e di cui il battezzato è già parte in quanto credente. Tra l’altro, anche Karl Barth ha sostenuto che il battesimo è la risposta del credente all’appello di Dio sotto forma di confessione di fede, quindi un atto che è frutto di una conversione di cui il battesimo è testimonianza[5].

Lo spostamento di accento ha inevitabili ripercussioni in ambito ecumenico. Il locus dell’unità transita dal battesimo alla fede, dal sacramento alla professione, da un atto unico ad una testimonianza continua. Sono uniti non tanto i battezzati, quanto i credenti[6]. Gli evangelici sono pertanto portatori di una visione d’unità che include non tanto i battezzati, quanto i credenti, tutti i convertiti, i “nati di  nuovo”, coloro che credono in Gesù Cristo. Naturalmente, ci si aspetta che i credenti siano anche battezzati, ma non è il battesimo a renderli credenti (quindi uniti tra loro), bensì è la fede ricevuta e professata a fondare l’unità e a permettere l’amministrazione del battesimo da parte della chiesa.

3. Battesimo e domande aperte sull’unità dei cristiani

Alla luce di quanto esposto in modo approssimativo, risulta chiaro che questa visione del battesimo, così distante dall’accezione cattolico-romana, ma anche da quella ecumenica, ad esempio elaborata nel documento di Lima, Battesimo, Eucaristia, Ministero (BEM), pone delle domande di fondo all’idea di un’unità cristiana fondata sul battesimo[7]. L’unità cristiana è semmai fondata su Gesù Cristo ed è praticata dai credenti in Lui. Il battesimo dei professanti testimonia questa unità già data, ma non la fonda, né è la garanzia che tale unità esista davvero se non è vissuta nella fede personale dei credenti in comunione con la chiesa. La confessione di fede dell’Alleanza Evangelica, uno degli organismi rappresentativi del mondo evangelico globale, parla della “unità di tutti i veri credenti”[8].

L’importanza del battesimo non è per niente disconosciuta, ma relativizzata rispetto alla grazia ricevuta per fede e vissuta concretamente nella vita dei credenti. L’unità in Gesù Cristo è un dono condiviso da chi crede, in modo trasversale alle appartenenze ecclesiali e in modo reale anche in presenza di differenze secondarie.

            Gli interrogativi che la teologia evangelica pone alla concezione dell’unità basata sul battesimo sono molteplici e possono essere qui abbozzati solo sommariamente:

–          Se il battesimo sia portatore di un’efficacia sacramentale o se non abbia un ruolo testimoniale successivo alla conversione;

–          Se il battesimo sia l’evento-soglia d’ingresso nel popolo di Dio o se non sia la risposta alla grazia ricevuta ad introdurre nel popolo di Dio;

–          Se il battesimo sia il segno d’unità isolandolo dalle altre qualificazioni dell’unità (secondo Efesini 4,4-6, ad esempio) o se non sia un elemento necessario ma non sufficiente di per sé all’unità.

Evidentemente, si tratta di interrogativi densi che disegnano un orientamento diverso della traiettoria teologica. Nella visione evangelica, l’unità cristiana, pur avendo sempre una dimensione ordinamentale, non si fonda propriamente su nessun ordinamento che non sia la grazia di Dio ricevuta per fede e testimoniata nella carità. L’unità è figlia del primato di Dio più che di un atto sacramentale della chiesa.

L’iniziazione alla fede è compiuta dalla grazia di Dio ed è testimoniata dal battesimo, proprio in quest’ordine teologico e cronologico. L’unità è reale ed è già data tra tutti i discepoli di Gesù Cristo la cui vita è stata salvata dall’incontro con Lui[9]. Si tratta di persone che, secondo il celebre capitolo 17 del vangelo di Giovanni, “osservano” la Parola (v. 6), hanno “ricevuto” le parole del Figlio (v. 8) e hanno “creduto” nel Figlio (v. 8). Non solo loro, ma anche tutti coloro che avrebbero “creduto” per mezzo della loro parola di testimonianza. Queste, e non altre, sono le persone per cui Gesù prega il Padre: “che siano uno” (v. 21).

 

 


[1] Mi permetto di rimandare alla mia voce sul “Battesimo” nel Dizionario di teologia evangelica, a cura di P. Bolognesi, L. De Chirico, A. Ferrari, Editrice Uomini Nuovi, Marchirolo (VA) 2007, pp. 78-79. Il volume curato da D.F. Wright, Baptism: Three Views, Inter-Varsity Press, Downers Grove (USA) 2009 riflette la diversità che la teologia e la prassi del battesimo riscontra anche nel mondo evangelico contemporaneo.

[2] Naturalmente, nella sua teologia battesimale, l’Anabattismo introdusse anche altri accenti ecclesiologici quali, ad esempio, la prassi del ri-battesimo e l’allontanamento dei credenti dalle vocazioni di servizio pubblico. Sull’Anabattismo rimane fondamentale l’opera di U. Gastaldi, Storia dell’anabattismo, 2 voll., Claudiana, Torino 1972-1981.

[3] Infatti, “non c’è una chiara evidenza per il battesimo dei bambini prima della seconda metà del secondo secolo”: E. Ferguson, Baptism in the Early Church, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids (USA) 2009, p. 856.

[4] Il testo si trova in «Studi di teologia», Nuova serie I (1989) p. 186.

[5] Il pensiero di Barth sul battesimo è contenuto in K. Barth, Il fondamento della fede cristiana, Casa Editrice Battista, Roma 1976.

[6] Nelle società “cristiane” o “post-cristiane”, vi sono tante persone battezzate ma non credenti, persone che sono passate nelle acque battesimali ma non danno alcun segno di vitalità cristiana. La domanda è: vi può essere unità cristiana con persone che sono state battezzate ma per le quali Gesù Cristo non significa nulla?

[7] Per una valutazione evangelica del BEM, cfr. H.R. Jones, Gospel and Church. An Evangelical Evaluation of Ecumenical Documents on Church Unity, Evangelical Press of Wales, Bridgend (GB) 1989, pp. 105-130 e P. Schrotenboer (ed.), An Evangelical Response to BEM, «Evangelical Review of Theology» 13:4 (1989) pp. 291-313.

[8] La confessione dell’Alleanza Evangelica si trova in P. Bolognesi – L. De Chirico, Il movimento evangelicale, Queriniana, Brescia 2002, p. 93. Un’altra dichiarazione evangelica contemporanea afferma che “i cristiani rigenerati dallo Spirito Santo … possono sperimentare una unità autentica e biblica, fermo restando l’appartenenza a diverse denominazioni”, Dichiarazione di Wheaton (1966) in Dichiarazioni evangeliche. Il movimento evangelicale 1966-1996, a cura di P. Bolognesi, EDB, Bologna 1997, p. 23.

[9] Cfr. D.M. Lloyd-Jones, La base dell’unità cristiana, Edizioni Passaggio, Mantova 1997. Nell’esposizione di Giovanni 17 e Efesini 4, Lloyd-Jones presenta il modo in cui la Bibbia intende l’unità. Innanzitutto, l’unità è prodotta dallo Spirito Santo e riguarda le persone rigenerate; essa è opera di Dio ed è estesa a coloro che “sono stati dati” a Cristo dal Padre (Gv 17,6.9.11), a quelli che sono stati “chiamati a una sola speranza” (Ef 4,4). Proprio perché è data da Dio, l’unità è un privilegio esclusivo dei credenti. In secondo luogo, la condizione imprescindibile per la conservazione dell’unità è la comune confessione nell’unico e vero Dio rivelato nella Bibbia. L’unità per Lloyd-Jones non può andare a scapito della verità evangelica ma, al contrario, è fondata su di “una sola fede” (Ef 4,5) e sulla parola del Signore che è verità (Gv 17,17). Di qui l’opposizione alla considerazione della dottrina come un elemento di secondaria importanza ai fini dell’unità. Terzo, per Lloyd-Jones l’unità ha una dimensione spirituale primaria anche se necessariamente si manifesta visibilmente (Gv 17,20-23; Ef 4,3). L’unione mistica delle tre persone della Trinità è indicativa della natura dell’unità tra i credenti. Anche se ha un risvolto economico, il legame interno alla Trinità è spirituale e quindi l’elemento istituzionale dell’unità si fonda su questa dimensione e non viceversa. Da ultimo, l’unità tra i credenti deve essere conservata fino al raggiungimento della sua pienezza escatologica (Gv 17,11 e Ef 4,3.11-16). In quest’ottica, l’unità non deve essere creata artificiosamente ma preservata e promossa fino a quando sarà completamente realizzata dal Signore nel compimento dei tempi.

 

 

49. How Visible Should Christian Unity Be?

John 17, Cardinal Kurt Koch and Martyn Lloyd-Jones in Trialogue

The priestly prayer of the Lord Jesus in John 17 is unanimously recognized as one of the foundational texts, if not the text par excellence, in dealing with Christian unity. There our Lord prays to the Father for His disciples to be one and the pattern of their unity is the relational life of the Trinity. As Father and Son are one, so Christians are prayed for so that their unity will be “as” the Triune God is one.

            The consensus is shaken and eventually broken when different Christians spell out what this unity should be and how it should be lived out. One of the contentious issues revolves around this unity being “visible”. The fact that Christian unity should be somewhat visible is not what is at stake. What kind of “visibility” is required by the Lord’s prayer is where Christians begin to disagree.

In his address to participants at the plenary Assembly of the Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity (15th November 2012), Pope Benedict XVI restated the basic Roman Catholic idea concerning the necessary visibility of Christian unity: “We must not forget that the goal of ecumenism is the visible unity among divided Christians”. The Pope later explained that “it is in full communion in faith, in the sacraments and in the ministry, that will become concretely evident the present and active power of God in the world”. Visibility is therefore a threefold achievement whereby there is unity in the profession of the faith, unity in the celebration of the sacraments, and unity in the recognition of the same ministerial order.

1. Does John 17 Support the Fully Orbed Roman Catholic View of Unity?

The same conviction was argued for by Cardinal Kurt Koch, President of the Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity, in a recent public lecture at the Pontifical Lateran University (11th December 2012) entitled “Unity: Illusion or Promise?”. The lecture was a learned commentary on John 17 which Cardinal Koch divided in six parts. According to John 17 as it was read by Koch, Christian unity has six dimensions: spiritual, visible, Trinitarian, eschatological, missional, and martyrological (i.e. the unity of Christian martyrs).

            What is of interest here is that Koch insisted on the visible dimension of the unity for which Jesus prayed and which he rooted in the Trinitarian life. Since the Church is “the icon of the Trinity” so her unity reflects the unity of the Trinity. Koch underlined the fact that Christian unity cannot be “invisible” but should always be recognizable in the usual threefold way: common profession of faith, common sacraments, common ministry. In other words, in order for unity to be Trinitarian unity you need the Roman Catholic Church that has kept the sacraments in their integrity and has transmitted the ministry in the proper apostolic succession. The visibility of the Trinitarian unity requires and demands the institutional (Roman Catholic) church, its hierarchy, and its sacramental life. In this view, other visible forms of Christian unity are imperfect and partial because they lack the (Roman Catholic) sacraments and ministry. According to this view, the visibility of unity will be achieved when other churches and ecclesial communions embrace not only the common profession of faith, but also the Roman Catholic sacraments and priesthood.

Does this understanding of the visibility of unity derive from Trinitarian life as it is found in John 17? It is hard to read this chapter and conclude that the reference to the Trinity as the pattern for Christian unity refers to a hierarchical and sacramental ministry. The latter seem added dimensions which are quintessential to the Roman Catholic understanding of unity, but are difficult to trace back to Trinitarian life per se.[1]

2. A More Biblically Realist View of Visible Unity?

As I was listening to Cardinal Koch, another reading of John 17 as the basis of Christian unity came to my mind. I recalled the 1962 sermons on the passage by Martyn Lloyd-Jones (1899-1981) which were later published.[2] The contexts between Koch and Lloyd-Jones are very different, yet the comparison is evocative. From Jesus’ priestly prayer, Lloyd-Jones argues that unity embraces those who are given to Jesus by the Father by believing in Him. First and foremost, unity is unity of those who are believers in Jesus Christ (17:6-10), not unity of the baptized as the ecumenical understanding would suggest. One can be baptized and yet not be a believer. Christian unity applies to the latter, not necessarily to the former.

            According to Lloyd-Jones’ reading of the passage, Christian unity starts within and then works outward. It is primarily unseen and internal, although it manifests itself visibly. The Trinitarian foundation speaks about the depth and scope of this union, but it does not spell out any given institutional path in which it is bound to express itself.

This interpretation of the text indicates that neither a particular form of apostolic succession nor a particular sacramental and hierarchical system can be derived from the Trinity itself as if it were the only or the absolute or the perfect pattern for Christian unity. Unity is based on the truth of the Word of God (17:16) and is aimed at witnessing to the world (17:21). The visibility of the unity, as important as it is, depends on the spiritual reality which is a reflection of the Trinitarian life and is above all a gift for the believers in Jesus Christ so that others too would come to Him.

As an aside, Cardinal Koch’s lecture was followed by a prayer for Christian unity with a final intercession to Mary and by a song entitled “Mary, You Are our Mother” which said “… you (Mary) are our Advocate … Queen of Peace”. Even in this ecumenical event, there was no apology for deeply felt convictions. Roman Catholic ecumenism is not about reducing the claims of Catholicism but is a way of implementing them.

Leonardo De Chirico

leonardo.dechirico@ifeditalia.org

Rome, 12th December 2012



[1] The attempt to read back in the Trinity a particular view of the church (and therefore of her visible unity) is widespread. In his book After Our Likeness. The Church as the Image of the Trinity (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1998) Miroslav Volf talks about the fact that Zizioulas, Ratzinger and himself claim that their respective ecclesiology derives from the Trinity.

[2] The Basis of Christian Unity. An Exposition of John 17 and Ephesians 4 (London: Inter-Varsity Press, 1962).

48. The Link Between Faith and History. The Infancy Narratives according to Benedict XVI

One million copies published in 29 languages and distributed in 73 countries. These are the row figures on the last book about Jesus recently published by Pope Benedict XVI. The new volume ends the series that Ratzinger began projecting before his election to the papacy, and now it finally comes to fruition, when he is 85 years old and presides over a complex state, i.e. the Vatican, and the Roman Catholic Church, which of course is a global institution.

            The new volume follows the 2007 one that touched on the story of Jesus from his baptism to the Transfiguration, and the 2011 one which dealt with the Passion and the Resurrection. The new book focuses on the Infancy Narratives, i.e. the 180 verses that Matthew and Luke wrote to publicize the events preceding and following Jesus’ birth up to when he was twelve years old.

1. Historical Facts Theologically Interpreted

It is important to appreciate the background of Ratzinger’s books. Why is he writing on the life of Jesus according to the Gospels? In the late XIX century, different “lives” of Jesus were written in the attempt to separate the “Jesus of history” from the “Christ of faith”. The main assumption was that Christology had little if nothing to do with what really happened to Jesus, which is something that went beyond historical research and belonged to the realm of faith only. Liberal scholars argued that we know nearly nothing of the historical Jesus, yet we have a highly developed Christology that is not based on the historical records of the facts of Jesus’ life, but on the faith of subsequent communities. Therefore, the Gospels were considered as accounts driven by what the first Christians believed, not necessarily by what really happened. These views were and are still widely accepted among Catholic Biblical scholarship.

            Ratzinger writes to readdress this whole issue. The way he does it is through his own effort to comment on the Gospels. His goal is to affirm the basic historicity of the Gospel accounts and therefore the historical nature of the Christian faith which is centered on the historical Jesus. Benedict XVI argues that, in the Gospels, faith and history, facts and their theological interpretation, internal Biblical evidence and external historical evidence are intertwined. Yet, the theological significance of Jesus’ life is based on what really happened, not at the expense of it or even not interfering with history. So, in the case of the Infancy Narratives, we are confronted with a reliable account of what really happened (including the star and the Magi), coupled with a theological explanation of the birth of Jesus, His Person and work.

2. A Change of Mind?

It is interesting to note a shift of emphasis here. In the 1993 document on “The Interpretation of the Bible in the Church”, the Pontifical Biblical Commission (whose chairman was Raztinger himself) tended to overlook the relationship between faith and history in the Biblical text. It assumed that the historical-critical methods were just neutral scholarly tools without any pre-conceived assumption as far as the historical reliability of the Bible was concerned.

            Historically, this is not true. Historical-critical methods were the chosen weapons to try to dismantle the trustworthiness of the Written Word of God. Moreover, the reality is that most Catholic academic Biblical scholars do have skeptical views about the historicity of Scripture and carry their skepticism under the banner of the historical-critical methods.

            In 1993 Ratzinger seemed to be rather naive about the dangers of separating faith from history and of considering the Bible a book stemming from faith but not rooted in history. Now he seems to be more aware of the issues and wants to provide an example of Biblical interpretation that takes the historicity of the Bible seriously. Will his books of Jesus stir a debate in Catholic exegetical circles? Will they readdress the confidence in the historical reliability of the Bible in Catholic academia and the wider public?

3. A Commendation and a Couple of Reservations

Ratzinger’s book on the Infancy Narratives is not a technical piece of exegesis. It is rather a spiritual commentary on the Gospel narratives which speak about how the Son of God became a man. They are long meditations following the synoptic order of events of Jesus’ life, with some questions and applications for the contemporary reader.

            The final book is even better than the previous one. The latter portrayed Jesus as if he were a priest going around celebrating Masses everywhere he turned. Ratzinger’s sacramental reading of the Gospels heavily influenced his interpretation of the Passion. This book is a more straightforward and canonical reading of Jesus’ story firmly rooted in the OT and linked to subsequent NT teachings. It is perhaps the best of the series, with two reservations.

            Commenting on the fact that various details of the Infancy Narratives originated in the accounts given by Mary herself (who was the only witness present), the Pope also infers that other Marian traditions which are not found in the NT derive from the same source. The issue, then, is: why didn’t Luke or Matthew add them to their Gospels? More fundamentally, why didn’t the Holy Spirit inspire the Evangelists to insert them in the canonical texts? What is in Scripture and has become Scripture has an all together different status than other traditions claiming the same origin.

            The other perplexity has to do with Ratzinger’s comment on Luke 2:7: “She gave birth to her firstborn”. Here the Pope spends a couple of pages arguing that the reference to Jesus being the “firstborn” does not imply that Mary had other children. In fact, he affirms the perpetual virginity of Mary. But is this really what the text here is saying or suggesting? Is the later Roman Catholic doctrine of Mary’s perpetual virginity not a development that is based more on Marian elaborations rather than on what the Gospels say?

Leonardo De Chirico

leonardo.dechirico@ifeditalia.org

Rome, 30th November 2012

47. “What is New and What is Old”. The Propositions of the Synod for the New Evangelization

The Synod for the New Evangelization can be thought of as “a master of a house, who brings out of his treasure what is new and what is old” (Matthew 13:52, ESV). Jesus’ explanation of the parable of the net is a useful starting point to come to terms with what happened at the Synod that just ended (7-28 October 2012). After weeks of intensive discussions, its final act was the drafting of a list of 58 propositions (i.e. points worthy of attention) that were presented to the Pope for his consideration in the future promulgation of a papal document (Apostolic Exhortation) that will become part of the Magisterium of the Church. The shape of the New Evangelization (NE) is becoming more and more clear, at least on paper, while it remains to be seen what practical outcomes will result from it. The achievements of the Synod as reflected by these propositions are a mixture of new and old things that call for discernment in order to not concentrate on a few selected items alone.

1. The Trinitarian Overture and the Marian Finale

“The Church and her evangelizing mission have their origin and source in the Most Holy Trinity according to the plan of the Father, the work of the Son, which culminated in his death and glorious Resurrection, and the mission of the Holy Spirit. The Church continues this mission of God’s love in our world” (n. 4). There can be no clearer Biblical foundation for the NE, although how the Church continues the mission of God is not spelt out. Is it by way of prolonging the Son’s incarnation and therefore having received His prophetic (magisterial authority), priestly (sacramental system) and kingly (hierarchical structure) offices?

            This is only one side of the coin, however. As is standard practice in Catholic documents, the final thought goes to Mary. The Trinitarian opening is only introductory, but is not conclusive for the NE. It is part of a wider picture that is not complete unless the Mariological dimension comes to the fore. Here it what the Synod says in the last proposition: “As Mother and Queen she is a sign of hope for suffering and needy peoples. Today she is the ‘Missionary’ who will aid us in the difficulties of our time and with her nearness open the hearts of men and women to the faith. We fix our gaze on Mary. She will help us to proclaim the message of salvation to all men and women, so that they too may become agents of Evangelization. Mary is the Mother of the Church. Through her presence, may the Church become a home for many and Mother of all peoples” (n. 58).  On the one hand there is a welcomed Trinitarian framework for mission, yet on the other hand we also find the reinstatement of a comprehensive Marian vision for the NE.

2. The Emphasis on the Study of the Scriptures Together with the Growth of Popular Piety

Another encouraging element of the propositions is the stress given to the role of the Bible. “In the context of the NE every opportunity for the study of Sacred Scripture should be made available. The Scripture should permeate homilies, catechesis and every effort to pass on the faith” (n. 11). This openness reiterates the attitude of Vatican II with regards to the Bible, although the Synod later makes it clear that “The Catechism of the Catholic Church and its Compendium are, above all, a resource for teaching the faith and supporting adults in the Church in their evangelizing and catechizing mission” (n. 29). According to the Synod, then, the Scriptures need to be read always in the light of the Catechism.

            What is more striking, however, is the parallel encouragement to the various forms of popular piety without suggesting their need to be corrected by Scripture. “Popular piety is a true place to encounter Christ, and also expresses the faith of the Christian people in the Blessed Virgin Mary and the Saints. The NE recognizes the value of these faith experiences and encourages them as ways to grow in Christian virtue … Popular piety is an especially promising opportunity for conversion and the growth of faith” (n. 39). So the NE is implemented by the study of the Bible and the popular devotions. How the two can be reconciled is difficult to understand apart from the Catholic dialectics between what is new and what is old.

3. The Importance of Conversion within the Sacramental System of the Church

The Synod comes very close to a kind of “Evangelical” language when it speaks about conversion. “The ‘first proclamation’ (i.e. an explicit announcement of salvation) is where the kerygma, the message of salvation of the paschal mystery of Jesus Christ, is proclaimed with great spiritual power to the point of bringing about repentance of sin, conversion of hearts and a decision of faith” (n. 9). This is straightforward language that any evangelist would use in his preaching (apart from the reference to the “paschal mystery” which is the typical Roman Catholic way of condensing and conflating the sacrifice of the cross and the sacrifice of the Eucharist).

            Conversion, however, is seen as a step within the wider sacramental path of a person. It is not the transition from being lost to being saved, but one move forward towards the fullness of an already given grace by and through the sacramental system of the Church (nn. 4, 33, 35, 37). This is not to say that conversion has to be pitted against the sacraments, but that the Roman Catholic meaning of conversion has far more ecclesiological weight and overtones than the simple turning to Christ and being saved by His grace alone.

4. A Self-Encouraging Tone with Little Self-Criticism

The overall tone of the propositions and the final Message of the Synod is aimed at providing a picture of a living and lively Church that responds to the challenges of the secularizing tendencies of the West by way of launching the NE and calling the baptized who have gone astray back to the Church. The propositions have little if nothing to say about the responsibilities of the Church in the erosion of Christian practice in the West and the lack of credibility that Christian institutions have in the public’s opinion. There is only one instance where “the scandals affecting priestly life and ministry” are mentioned (n. 49), but that is all. The general message is that many people left the Church because of the nasty effects of secularization. It seems that Church has little to repent for from past practices and much to commend itself for for its on-going activities. We will see if and how Pope Ratzinger will be bolder than the propositions are in recognizing the faults of the Church, especially in the West.

            A selective reading of the propositions may suggest that the Synod has clearly pushed the Roman Catholic Church into a more “Evangelical” mood. A more careful and broader reading, however, indicates that the “new” that is put forward is always accompanied by the “old” that remains.

Leonardo De Chirico

leonardo.dechirico@ifeditalia.org

Rome, 31st October 2012

46. At the Beginning of the Year of Faith, Marian Devotion and Indulgences

Pope Benedict XVI is about to inaugurate the Year of Faith that will mark the 50th anniversary of the beginning of the Second Vatican Council (1962-1965) and the 20th anniversary of the publication of the Catechism of the Catholic Church. These two anniversaries have been put under the aegis of the Year of Faith and against the background of the New Evangelization which will be the theme of the imminent Synod of Bishops (7-28 October).

            In conjunction with the beginning of the Year of Faith, there are two events that deserve attention: the entrusting to Mary of the Year of Faith by Pope Ratzinger and the newly granted indulgences for those who will take part in it. The Year of Faith will have strong Marian connotations and will be accompanied by indulgences. Both instances reflect deeply felt dimensions of the Catholic faith.

1. A Year Placed in the Hands of the Mother of God

Anniversaries and symbolic actions are important for Roman Catholicism. Fifty years ago, right before opening the first session of Vatican II, Pope John XXIII made a pilgrimage to Loreto to entrust the Council to Mary’s care. Loreto is a small city in central Italy where, according to tradition, is located the house where Mary received the annunciation and lived in Nazareth and was taken after being miraculously preserved from destruction. This Marian shrine, also called the “Holy House”, is one of the most important places of Marian devotion in Europe.

            Just as Pope John XIII went to Loreto in 1962, so too did Benedict XVI on 4th October to entrust to Mary the Year of Faith that is meant to celebrate Vatican II. Ideally, then, as Vatican II was brought under Mary’s motherly care, so the Year of Faith begins with the same Marian connotation.

            During his homily at the Marian shrine in Loreto, the Pope reflected on particular Marian themes using powerful analogies to illustrate the exemplar significance of Mary and to nurture Marian devotion. As the shrine is a “physical, tangible witness to the greatest event in our history, the Incarnation”, so Mary is the “place of his presence, a place of dwelling for the Son of God”. Mary is a “living house, the temple” of the Son of God; “where God dwells, all are at home”. Catholicism is very sensitive to the physicality of the faith, although the Pope never refers to the fact that this house is not the “real” house of Mary, but a medieval building that was fictionally attributed to Mary.

            Benedict XVI also said that Mary is the mother of Christ and our mother in the sense that “she opens to us the door of her home”. The living house becomes our home where we are always welcomed, and the host of the house becomes the mother who always loves us. Powerful images are evoked and profound emotions are touched. Marian imagery sparks deep human sentiments. The Roman Catholic ability to develop and enrich the world of images is proverbial. The standing issue is what exactly is warranted biblically and what are the limits for these developments so they don’t become self-referential ends in themselves. As a matter of fact, the Year of Faith begins with a strong Marian tone, as did Vatican II and all other official Roman Catholic events.

2. The Year of Faith and Indulgences

The second event that is worth noting at the beginning of the Year of Faith is the decree by the Vatican Penitentiary, i.e. the Vatican Tribunal that deals with absolutions, dispensations and indulgences, and that disciplines the granting of indulgences during the coming Year. Plenary remissions of temporal punishment will be granted to all those who, after confession and Communion, follow at least three lectures on Vatican II or the Catechism in a church context, or make a pilgrimage to a Papal basilica or cathedral, or take part in a Mass on specific dates, or go back to the church where they were baptized to renew their baptismal vows.

            This decree demonstrates that the apparatus of an old medieval practice is still in place and is a constant companion of the Church that remembers Vatican II and promotes the New Evangelization. Apart from its Marian piety, this is another defining feature of Roman Catholicism: new initiatives, like the New Evangelization in the context of the Year of Faith, are not taken at the expense of past traditions of the Church, but in continuity with them, even with those which have been and are strongly opposed by other Christians for the sake of the Gospel. In Rome nothing is lost, everything is embraced.

            The terms “faith” and “evangelization” will be central in the coming year and will appear to be very close, if not the same, to the way Evangelical Protestants use them. However, any interpreter and observer of the Year of Faith will need to remember that they always convey the full display of Roman Catholic doctrine, spirituality and practices, not a selection of those according to one’s own preference.

Leonardo De Chirico

leonardo.dechirico@ifeditalia.org

Rome, 8th October 2012

45. What Happened at Vatican II?

Three Evangelical Protestant Evaluations in the Aftermath of the Council

Vatican II (1962-1965) is widely regarded as one of the most significant events of the Twentieth century. October 11th will mark the 50th anniversary of its beginning and the “Year of Faith” that Benedict XVI is about to open officially will be a year-long opportunity to reflect on its legacy.

            Coming to terms with Vatican II is not a task for Roman Catholics alone. Even non Roman Catholic Christians are called to grapple with it. Their perception of present-day Roman Catholicism heavily depends on the way in which they interpret Vatican II.

During and after the Council, there were three Evangelical Protestant theologians who dealt with it at length and in detail. These three approaches are perhaps indicative of different Evangelical readings of Vatican II which have in turn contributed to the shaping of three ways of relating to Rome as a whole.

1. Gerrit Berkouwer and the New Catholicism

Gerrit Berkouwer (1903-1996) was a Dutch Reformed theologian who had a first-hand experience at Vatican II as an official observer on behalf of the “Gereformeerde Kerken”. This experience gave rise to the writing of his book The Second Vatican Council and the New Catholicism (1965) which he wrote even though the proceedings of the Council were still in progress and the two main ecclesiological documents (Lumen Gentium and Gaudium et Spes) had not yet been approved.

According to Berkouwer, Vatican II is heavily indebted to the Nouvelle théologie (i.e. the new theology) which he had already surveyed in his 1958 book Recent Developments in Roman Catholic Thought. The Council might be thought of as being the cautious acceptance, even with its tensions and conflicts, by the official Church of the agenda proposed by the “new” theologians which had been opposed by the Curia in previous years.

The “New Catholicism” that Berkouwer envisages is based on ressourcement, i.e. re-appreciation of biblical and patristic sources, and aggiornamento, i.e. an attitude marked by an openness towards inner renewal and new ways of relating to the world.

If Berkouwer’s pre-Vatican II book Conflict with Rome (1958) centered on the gulf between Catholic and Protestant theologies concerning the doctrine of grace, his post-Vatican II New Catholicism revolves around the doctrine of the Church as the real issue still standing between them. Of course, Berkouwer is fully aware that these new emphases do not replace old ones but are simply added to the traditional Roman Catholic outlook, thus making the ecumenical agenda with Rome easier on the one hand, but more nuanced on the other. Before such a scenario, Berkouwer calls for a “realistic ecumenicity” – an ecumenicity which would overcome past polemical attitudes while awaiting further developments within Roman Catholicism.

2. David Wells and the Evangelical Puzzlement

Back in the Seventies, David Wells (b. 1939) was one of the few Evangelical theologians grappling with Roman Catholicism in the aftermath of the Council. In later years, Wells’ focus has progressively turned to another field of research, namely Evangelicalism itself, and this move has left a significant gap in Evangelical reflection on Roman Catholicism.

His book Revolution in Rome (1972) well epitomises an Evangelical sense of puzzlement before the aggiornamento proposed by the Council. The main thrust of his reading of the Council is the observation that Vatican II on some strategic points seems to endorse “mutually incompatible theologies”, one conservative, the other progressive; one restating tradition, the other pushing beyond tradition. These two conflicting tendencies can be found everywhere in Vatican II texts and contribute to the shaping of its overall theology marked by an unmistakably Catholic “both-and” pattern.

Confronted with the inherent stereophony, if not cacophony, of Vatican II, Wells argues that the Council has practised the “juxtaposition of ideas” in such a way that the reception and interpretation of the final redaction of the documents can be traced both along traditional lines as well as along more innovative ones. The main problem in coming to grips with Roman Catholicism is a hermeneutical one, namely “which interpretation is correct?”, “how do we interpret?”, which is all linked to the issue of magisterial authority: “who speaks for Rome today?” From the outlook of Vatican II, Rome appears to have a “divided mind”, as the titles of the chapters of Revolution in Rome clearly shows: “Authority: inward or outward?”, “God: in the earthly or heavenly city?”, “Christianity: a broad or narrow definition?”, “the Church: the people or the pope?”

The book testifies to the Evangelical perplexity in coming to terms with the complexity of the Catholic mindset. Before the interpretative crux of Vatican II, Wells propounds for the view that the Council depicts a temporary and transient balance which will eventually lead to the affirmation of one party over the other. In other words, “wait-and-see” what is going to happen. Meanwhile, Evangelical Protestants need to construe a “new apologetic” in their understanding of Catholicism, because the old apologetic pattern does not fit Rome any longer.

3. Herbert Carson and The Semper Eadem Thesis

In the British scene, the writings of Herbert Carson (d. 2004) well represent the less academic but strongly apologetic way of looking at Rome. His books on Catholicism (Roman Catholicism Today, 1964; Dawn or Twilight? A Study of Contemporary Roman Catholicism, 1976; The Faith of the Vatican, 1996) can be considered as a single, revised and updated work whose main interpretative thrust and theological critique remain constant even when he interacts with different phases of recent Catholic history and theology.

Carson reads Vatican II in terms of the semper eadem thesis, i.e. always the same. The theological structure of Rome may have changed in its linguistic covering but not in its fundamental orientation. According to him, in spite of all appearance suggesting differently, Vatican II has in no way modified its Tridentine, anti-Reformation stance for the simple reasons that, firstly, it has not formally and openly abandoned it and, secondly, the new teaching can be fully harmonised with the old without subverting it. Carson observes that “the tone may be friendlier, and the presentation more acceptable to late twentieth-century readers, yet the decrees of Trent are still there”, particularly as far as transubstantiation, justification by faith and purgatory are concerned. The inevitable conclusion of such a reading is that if Rome is semper eadem, the Evangelical approach to Roman Catholicism will always be the same as well.

After Vatican II, Evangelical Protestants dealt with it in three different ways: Rome really changed (Berkouwer), Rome still has to decide where to stand (Wells), Rome is always the same (Carson). Subsequent Evangelical approaches to Rome depended on which reading of Vatican II was preferred.

Leonardo De Chirico

leonardo.dechirico@ifeditalia.org

Rome, 24th September 2012

44. Not an Anti-Pope but an Ante-Pope. Cardinal Martini (1927-2012) and the Dynamics of Present-Day Roman Catholicism

 September 3rd, 2012

The recent death of Cardinal Carlo Maria Martini (1927-2012) provides an opportunity to reflect on wider Roman Catholic trends. He has been one of the most attractive and yet polarizing figures of the last thirty years. Jesuit, scholar, archbishop, popular writer, sought-after opinion leader, he has unwittingly created tensions between his numerous fans both inside and outside of religious circles and his vocal critics in the more conservatives sectors of the Roman Catholic Church. Even his death has seen the two parties commenting on it very differently. Martini’s biography in itself is a trajectory which epitomizes some of the key features of post-Vatican II Roman Catholicism, e.g. the Biblical renewal, the openness to the modern world, and the alleged inner conflicts within high-ranking Roman Catholic hierarchy.

1. The Biblical Scholar

Born in Turin in 1927, he entered the Jesuit order in 1944 and was ordained priest in 1952. Martini’s career started in the academy as a New Testament scholar. Professor of textual criticism (1962-1969) and then Rector (1969-1978) of the Pontifical Biblical Institute in Rome (1969-1978), he was eventually appointed Rector of the famous Jesuit Gregorian University (1978). He was able to lecture in Latin, Italian, English and French. Apart from mastering these languages, he also spoke German, Portuguese, Spanish and modern Greek. He could professionally read ancient Greek, Hebrew, Coptic, Aramaic, Syrian, and Arab. He successfully combined intellectual brightness and hieratic attitudes.

            What gives him international reputation is his work in the Committee of the United Bible Societies that lead to the third critical edition of the New Testament text (UBS3) in 1975, though he also participated at the Committee for the second edition. His name together with Aland, Black, Metzger and Wikgren is on the frontispiece of the dark read cover edition of the UBS text that many theological students and practitioners both fear and enjoy opening. His scholarly work is not extensive but gives rise in his later career to dozens of books of Biblical meditations which sell great. He seems to embody the contents of Dei Verbum, one of the major texts of Vatican II calling the Roman Catholic Church to the Word of God.

2. The Archbishop of Milan

In 1979, Pope John Paul II called him to become the Archbishop of Milan, the largest Roman Catholic diocese in the world and one of the “natural” sees for future popes. He had never had direct pastoral experience before, but his reputation opened the way for him. He centered his ministry on some innovative and controversial initiatives, e.g. the “School of the Word” where he invited all kinds of people to preach and lecture on the Bible and the “Chair of the Non-believers” where he invited atheists and agnostics to debate right there in Milan’s cathedral.

            He soon became the “hero” of the left-wing, progressive party of the Roman Catholic Church, though he never officially endorsed such a role. Those who are uncomfortable with the rigidity of Catholic ethics and discipline, be they Catholic or secular, be they intellectuals or celebrities, are attracted by his winsome erudition. Some of his positions appear to be different from those of John Paul II and the then Cardinal Ratzinger: for example, Martini desired the softening of the Catholic stance on non-married couples, even same-sex unions, on abortion, on the banning of divorced people from the Eucharist, on end-of-life ethics, on divorce, etc. He went as far as publicly invoking a new Council that would deal with these issues. His views never abruptly questioned the mainstream position, but were well articulated and argued for with intellectual subtlety. They are still appealing to many wandering people, and they are appalling to those with right-wing, conservative views.

3. A Runner for Papacy?

A curious relationship between John Paul II (together with Ratzinger) and Martini developed over the years. For some time he was counted among the possible candidates to become Pope. Sectors of the Roman Catholic Church rallied either around him or against him. Officially, though, Martini was always appreciative of the reigning Pope and John Paul II, and never gave signs of criticism.  The nickname he earned, the “Anti-Pope” (i.e. against the Pope), was a caricature and should instead be changed to “Ante-Pope” (i.e. one going before the Pope, opening ways for him). According to some observers, Martini’s positions, which today are quite controversial, will in the near future become the standard Roman Catholic view.

Wojtyła’s papacy lasted too long and Martini lost his chance to become Pope. When John Paul II died in 2005, Martini was frail in his health. Parkinson’s already had a grip on him. On the first ballot he received a few votes, but he told his supporters not to continue voting for him. Out of that conclave, Cardinal Ratzinger, the strong theologian of John Paul II, became Pope. Martini’s party, it seems, has been defeated for the time being, though Roman Catholic cycles are not easily predictable in the long run. He then retired to Jerusalem, but until his death remained a sought-after ecclesiastical spokesperson who urged the Church to be “human”, “modest” and “compassionate”. Will these terms become the main vocabulary of the future Roman Catholic Church?

4. The Dialectics of Catholicity

According to public opinion Martini represents a view that is polar opposite than that of John Paul II and Benedict XVI in the Roman Catholic world. The former has been called “liberal”, “progressive”, “democratic”, “left-wing”, while the latter have been labeled as “conservative”, “traditional”, “authoritarian”, “right-wing”. With these conventional categories, one could map the entire Roman Catholic spectrum. 

            As a matter of fact, the public opinion needs to find polarizations, needs to put one figure against another and needs to find conflicts within a given social body. Many times these polarizations reflect reality, others simply project oppositions that are not there. In the case of Martini, both observations are true. They are true because Roman Catholicism is based on multiple on-going tensions that sway one way or another but are meant to be kept in balance. In other words, John Paul II needed Martini and Martini needed John Paul II. The first maintained balance, while the second explored new fields. Martini spoke to the center-left, while Wojtyła spoke to the center-right, so that the whole spectrum was covered. Roman Catholicism as a whole needs both the defender of the already given balance and the explorer of new settlements.

            In the Roman Catholic system, the Pope is supposed to fight against “anti-popes”, but is likely to encourage “ante-popes” that would stretch the Roman Catholic synthesis further, so that what is now felt as disturbing avant-garde will be center-stage tomorrow. In this sense, the “ante-pope” Martini who arrived too late to become Pope will perhaps serve as a model for future Popes.

Leonardo De Chirico

leonardo.dechirico@ifeditalia.org

 

 

43. God is Near, Mary is Very Near. Benedict XVI on the Dogma of Mary’s Assumption

In the Roman Catholic calendar, August 15th is dedicated to the feast of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary. This is the last dogma that the Roman Catholic Church has promulgated in its history. In facts it was in 1950 that Pius XII issued it as a binding belief for the Catholic faith. Here is how it was defined then and how the Catechism of the Catholic Church accounts for it (n. 966): “the Immaculate Virgin, preserved free from all stain of original sin, when the course of her earthly life was finished, was taken up body and soul into heavenly glory, and exalted by the Lord as Queen over all things, so that she might be the more fully conformed to her Son”.
From his Summer residence in Castel Gandolfo (25 km from Rome) where he has just completed writing his third book on Jesus, on August 15th Benedict XVI gave a homily on the significance of this dogma for the Church today. While it is interesting to read what the theologian Pope has to say about it, at the same time it is always difficult for a Protestant to address the Marian dogmas in an emotionally detached and a theologically calm way. Yet the exercise is inevitable given the important weight that Mariology has in Roman Catholic life.

1. The Liturgical Driving Force
In the first part of the homily Pope Ratzinger explains the reasons that were behind the decision of the Church to define the dogma of Mary’s bodily assumption: “This truth of faith was known by the Tradition of the Church, was affirmed by the Fathers of the Church and was above all a relevant aspect of the devotion to the Mother of Christ. This liturgical element was the driving force that lead to the formulation of this dogma: it is an act of praise and exaltation of the Holy Virgin”.
While it may be historically questionable to argue the unanimous consensus of the Fathers (which Fathers? At what time?) on this aspect of Mariology, the most important point is the recognition that the dogma grew in the context of popular piety and liturgy, rather than Scripture. As many angles of Roman Catholic Mariology, this dogma too is a reflection of a popular devotion which was left unchecked by Biblical standards and developed across the centuries without being governed by the Word of God.
It is fair to say that Benedict XVI quotes the Bible at this point and argues that this dogma is an outworking of what Mary herself prayed in the Magnificat: “from now on all generations will call me blessed” (Luke 1:48). However, there is a gulf between the prophetic utterance about the blessedness of Mary and the highly elaborated Marian dogma of 1950. This biblical support is too loose and vague to define a binding belief such as the bodily assumption of Mary.
The dogma of Mary’s assumption is an example of how the lex orandi, lex credenda dictum (i.e. “the law of prayer is the law of belief”) could work as a self-contained and generative principle of the development of Roman Catholic dogmas. While it is true that we believe what we pray and vice versa, it is important to define what are the standards of the Church’s prayerful life in order for it not to go astray. Since for Rome these standards are the ones of Tradition which contains Scripture but is bigger than Scripture, it is no surprise that the Roman Catholic Church can promulgate dogmas that are historically dependent and theologically based on piety rather than the Bible.

2. Mary is very near
Drawing on some implications of this Marian dogma, Benedict XVI’s homily underlines the nearness of Mary to every man. “Mary has such a big heart that all creation can enter it, as the ex-voto (i.e. votive offerings) from all over the world demonstrate. Mary is near, she can listen, she can help, she is near to us all. God is near and Mary, as she is united to God, is very near and has a heart as big as God’s”.
Here is another example of how a devotion can develop and expand to the point of becoming something other than a Biblical form of Christian piety. What is striking is the comparison between the nearness of God and the nearness of Mary. She is thought of as being nearer than God is. This phrase, in all its apparent simplicity, has enormous theological and pastoral significance. It indicates that Mary is closer than His Son, that she is the first mediator to God, and that she is more readily available for help.
Usually, Mariological language is crafted is such a way as to never downplay the person and the work of Christ. This comparison, however, demonstrates that even Pope Ratzinger believes that although God is near, Mary in even nearer to us. Is the full incarnation of the Son of God, his full humanity and divinity, and the uniqueness of His mediatorship safeguarded and honored by this statement? If you blur the “Scripture Alone” principle, you end up in blurring the “Christ Alone” one.

Leonardo De Chirico
leonardo.dechirico@ifeditalia.org

Rome, 21st August 2012

42. Why do People Leave the Catholic Church?

Journeys of Faith is the title of a recent book which contains a number of biographical narratives about people in the US context who have changed their Christian allegiance from one church or tradition to another. [1] It is a fascinating account on the complex reality of religious changes in peoples’ lives.

            Journeys of faith are happening all over the world at all times. Religious migrations are ordinary events whereby people change the direction of their spiritual pilgrimages. In some areas, like Latin America, it is a given that the Roman Catholic community has been declining in its numbers at the expense of various Evangelical and Pentecostal churches for some decades now. Why did it happen? Sociologists and historians are giving some answers. The important issue was recently addressed by Benedict XVI and his comments now deserve some consideration.

1. No Theological Reasons

In receiving the bishops of the Episcopal Conference of Colombia (June 22nd), Pope Ratzinger spoke about the Latin American context as a region where the Roman Catholic Church has to deal with a growing religious pluralism. Latin America in general, and Colombia in particular, used to be a more “unified” society from the religious point of view, but recent changes have transformed it into an extremely multifaceted area. Benedict XVI explicitly refers to “pentecostal and evangelical communities” as very active realities and primary agents for this change.

            At this point he asks the “why” question before asking the “what to do” question. Instead of providing his own attempt to explain the situation, Ratzinger quotes the document drafted by the 2007 Conference of the Latin American Bishops which provides an interesting insight. The relevant section of the document (n. 22), quoted verbatim by the Pope, can be summarized in this way: most people in Latin America leave the Roman Catholic Church not because of what the “non catholic” groups believe, but because of how they live. The fundamental reason is not doctrinal but instead lifestyle related. The problems they see are not dogmatic, but pastoral. They do not distance themselves from the Catholic Church for theological reasons, but instead out of practical concerns.

            In other words the challenge that Pentecostals and Evangelicals represent for the Roman Catholic Church has little to do with their different doctrines of the Bible, authority, sacraments, the Church, salvation, etc., but with the quality of life they seem to live and to offer to outsiders.

2. The Answer is Even More Catholicism

The “what to do” answer is simple and is a consequence of the “why” question. There is nothing to change as far as the doctrine of the RC Church is concerned. The challenge is to become “better” Catholics: more hospitable, more inclusive, more compassionate. Actually, the Pope encourages the Colombian bishops to achieve this better quality of Catholic life by promoting the “catholic” distinctive features which are near to the Latin American soul: adherence to the traditions of the Church, the deepening of Marian spirituality, and the practice of a richer devotional life. The cure is not less Roman Catholicism and more Evangelicalism, but instead more Roman Catholicism in need of becoming richer and more profound than practical Evangelicalism.

3. Between Hardware and Software

To put it simply, in the Pope’s eyes Evangelicalism does not seem to have a theological “hardware” that is solid enough to be a real alternative to Roman Catholicism. This Pope has repeatedly argued that Evangelicalism is too doctrinally liquid and ecclesiastically unstable to be taken as a serious theological counterpart. However, what Evangelicalism has is a good “software” of the Christian life, a better approach to the spiritual quest than present-day Latin American Catholicism can offer to the people. Catholics should therefore improve their “software” without changing their well  established “hardware”. They should work on the output by reinforcing their DNA. Finally they should better their performance by closely abiding to what their Catechism teaches.

            The Pope’s speech to the Columbian bishops is yet another instance of how Evangelicalism is perceived by Benedict XVI: a curious experiment that attracts people with its ability to grapple with their experiential expectations, but with little theological substance to be a real concern for the Roman Catholic Church. It also reminds us of the way forward that the Pope foresees for the future of his Church: an inner renewal without any doctrinal reform by way of grasping better its past and living tradition.

Leonardo De Chirico

leonardo.dechirico@ifeditalia.org

Rome, 18th July 2012


[1] Robert L. Plummer (ed.), Journeys of Faith. Evangelicalism, Eastern Orthodoxy, Catholicism, and Anglicanism (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2012).

41. A Working Tool for the New Evangelization

Instrumentum Laboris are the Latin words for “working tool”. In the ecclesiastical language it is the document that will serve as the basis for discussion at the next Synod of Bishops that will take place at the Vatican (7-28 October 2012) on “The New Evangelization for the Transmission of the Christian Faith”. The eighty page text is the summary of responses received from Episcopal conferences, the Roman Curia and the Religious Orders to a set of questions asked in 2011 about the New Evangelization (NE). About 70% of the various departments of the Roman Catholic Church responded and their feedback was condensed in the Instrumentum Laboris.

            This is not the official document of the Synod but a preparatory one. The final text will be the Post-Synodical Exhortation that the Pope will issue after the Synod. Nevertheless it gives the pulse of what is happening around the NE given the fact that NE will be perhaps the most defining feature of Roman Catholicism for the next decade.

1. Towards a Definition of the New Evangelization

The expression New Evangelization has been floating around since 1979 when John Paul II began to use it. Since then it has become a keyword in his pontificate as well as in Benedict XVI’s. With the Instrumentum Laboris it eventually reaches its technical definition: “Evangelization is the missio ad gentes (i.e. mission to the peoples) directed to those who do not know Christ. In a wider sense, it is used to describe ordinary pastoral work, while the phrase ‘new evangelization’ designates pastoral outreach to those who no longer practice the Christian faith” (n. 85). This will become the standard definition. As it appears, the Christian West is the primary object of the NE where the first evangelization occurred centuries if not millennia ago and where the RC Church has traditionally been strong and influential, but is now losing its grip. The NE is an attempt to call the masses of non-practicing, baptized Catholics back to the life of the Church.

2. An Increasing Concern …

Why is the NE necessary? The main reason is that the Christian world today is going through a “silent apostasy” (n. 69). The portrayed picture of the spiritual condition of the West is rather dark. The different components of the Church report “a weakening of faith in Christian communities, a diminished regard for the authority of the magisterium, an individualistic approach to belonging to the Church, a decline in religious practice and a disengagement in transmitting the faith to the new generation” (n. 48). In short, the modern world is characterized by the “de-Christianization of many ordinary people”.

            As a result of this worrying trend, some are taking the path of secularization (i.e. practical agnosticism), others are trapped in the “spread of sects” (n. 13). The term “sect” is left undefined, so it is impossible to ascertain who they are. In another passage, there is a reference to new religious groups that exercise “emotional and psychological dominance”, promise “prosperity and success in life”, and use “aggressive, proselytizing methods” (n. 66). Clearly, some prosperity gospel movements are involved here, but a more careful description of what is meant by “sect” would be useful, due to the widespread and derogatory usage of the label to indicate various non-Catholic groups.

            The bulk of the document is a rehearsal of various reasons (e.g. cultural, economic, sociological, religious, technological, etc.) for why the “de-Christianization” has taken place and therefore why the NE has become vital for the present and future of the Roman Catholic Church.

3.  … But Little Self-Criticism

Much of the text suggests bits and pieces of analysis of “external” threats that make it urgent to invest in the NE and that the Synod will need to work out in a more organic way. The world (i.e. the West) is to blame for the “silent apostasy”. Secularization is the enemy. Sects are dangerous competitors. Therefore the overall response of the Church should be to do with greater enthusiasm, energy and zeal that which it has been doing thus far. The terms used are “new fervor”, “fresh enthusiasm”, “new incentive”, “rekindled energy”. The message is that the NE is what the Church has been doing for ages, only with more passion and conviction. This is the reason why every practice of the Church is involved in the NE: sacraments, catechesis, popular practices, Marian devotion, etc. The NE is the usual and the whole program of the RC Church which is now being done with more intensity.

            What is striking is the near absence of a self-critical reading of the situation, as if the “de-Christianization” of the West just happened out of the blue, without the Church having any responsibility in the matter. There is no ecclesiological self-questioning (e.g. is there a problem in our vision of the church?), nor theological interrogation (e.g. is secularization also the reflection of our own failures?), nor moral self-analysis (e.g. do the recent scandals and failures have a role in the apostasy of many?). There is instead a thoroughgoing self-affirming attitude. To be honest, there is only one line in the text where the Instrumentum Laboris says that some RC circles ask whether “the lack of effects in evangelization today is the result of ecclesial and spiritual factors” (n. 39). Exactly which factors are not mentioned and the request is not developed further. Later there is a passing comment concerning the fact that some lament “the excessive bureaucratic character of ecclesiastical structures” and  “the excessively formal character of liturgical celebrations” (n. 69). Full stop. One line out of eighty pages.

            The hope is that the Synod will be more self-critical. Today’s “de-Christianization” has much more complex reasons than the sociological ones and Christians of any sort, instead of pointing the finger first, should repent before God for all their sins and be open to change according to the Word of God. This will be the beginning of the New Evangelization.

Leonardo De Chirico

leonardo.dechirico@ifeditalia.org

Rome, 27th June 2012