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69. The Joy of the Gospel: A Window into Francis’ Vision

December 2nd, 2013

Five chapters, 288 paragraphs, and more than 220 pages. This is the Apostolic Letter of Pope Francis titled The Joy of the Gospel (Evangelii Gaudium), the second magisterial document of his Pontificate (the previous being the encyclical Light of Faith). It is the first, however, to come entirely from his own pen (and was originally written in Spanish). In 2010 Benedict XVI launched the idea of the “new evangelization”, and in 2012 convened a Synod of Bishops to discuss it. Now we have Francis’ interpretation of the new evangelization in an authoritative statement which is also a compendium to interpret most of what the Pope has been saying and doing so far. Here are some selected highlights. 

Missionary Conversion

Although Evangelii Gaudium comes one year after the Synod and is quoted 27 times, Francis’ whole approach to the topic is more dependent on the 2007 Latin American document of Aparecida than from it. More than the “new evangelization” this Pope loves to speak about “mission”. The former attempts at reaching the un-practicing Catholics, the latter is a style of the whole Church going in all directions. The former is particularly relevant for the ever more secular West, the latter is a “catholic” agenda for the world. According to the Pope, “missionary outreach is paradigmatic to all the church’s activity” (15). Evangelization is a part of mission, not the other way around. Here we are confronted with a programmatic statement of the Papacy: the Church cannot afford to stay in a “simple maintenance” mode: she needs to be in a “permanent state of mission” (25), going out, being always engaged in involving others and being constantly focused on reaching out. Maintenance culture and self-referential attitudes are the “internal” enemies that Francis is willing to fight. The vision of Pope Francis is an outward one and “mission” (whatever it may mean) is at the center of it. His church will not be on the defensive, but will be proactively engaged in promoting its vision.

A Conversion of the Papacy?

In calling others to change, the Pope is also aware of the need for the Papacy to be converted. At times, some “ecclesial structures” may become a burden and should therefore be open to transformation (26). In a telling passage, he goes as far as to say that the he is willing to see a “conversion of the papacy” (32). For those who may wonder what this expression means, this conversion does not entail a deconstruction of the dogmatic outlook of the Papacy, nor the radical questioning of the Papal claims about the Petrine office. It has to do more with how the Vatican bureaucracy functions than with the doctrinal substance of the Papacy. The document in fact speaks of “decentralization” (16) over against “excessive centralization” (32) or the growing role of the Episcopal Conferences (32). There is no sign of “real” conversion of the Papacy in the Biblical sense. The change that is foreseen is in the realm of internal church governance.

More Joy than Gospel

The word “joy” is repeated 59 times and is the common theme of the document. The Pope wants to give a joyful flavor to mission. The Gospel is also part of the title but has a lesser role in it. The “heart” of the Gospel is summarized in this way: “the beauty of the saving love of God made manifest in Jesus Christ who died and rose from the dead” (36). In this apparently Evangelical definition of the Gospel something is missing: while the objective Good news of God is rightly related to the narrative of Jesus Christ, the subjective part of it (i.e. repentance from one’s own sin and personal faith) is omitted. The tragedy of being lost without Jesus Christ is also downplayed. For this reason nowhere in the document are unrepentant unbelievers called to repent and believe in Jesus Christ. Non-Catholic Christians are already united in baptism (244), Jews don’t need to convert (247), and with believing Muslims the way is “dialogue” because “together with us they adore the one and merciful God” (252, a quotation of Lumen Gentium 16). Other non-Christians are also “justified by the grace of God” and are associated to “the paschal mystery of Jesus Christ” (254). The Gospel appears not to be a message of salvation from God’s judgment, but instead access to a fuller measure of a salvation that is already given to all mankind. According to Francis, therefore, mission is the joyful willingness to extend the fullness of grace to the world that is already under grace.

Roman Catholicism in Pill Form

The document provides interesting comments by the Pope on preaching (“homily” in Catholic language, 135-159), special consideration for the poor (186-216) and the “evangelizing power of popular piety” (122-126), i.e. the various forms of the cult of the saints and Mary. What is even more noteworthy, however, is the section where Francis refers to various slogans that mark the Roman Catholic worldview as it opens up to the missionary task. Here are just two of them:

–          “Unity prevails over conflict” (226-230). The Pope encourages Catholics to find ways in which “conflicts, tensions and oppositions can achieve a diversified and life-giving unity” (228). This resolution “takes place on a higher plane and preserves what is valid and useful on both sides” (idem). The “reconciled diversity” (230) is the traditional et-et (both-and) approach that makes a synthesis of opposing views and beliefs, holding them in a “catholic” equilibrium.

–          “The whole is greater than the parts” (234-237). The Pope here encourages Catholics to see the big picture of things. “The whole is greater than the part, but it is also greater than the sum of its parts” (235). This “principle of totality” (237) recalls another distinctive aspect of the Roman Catholic vision in that the Church is “a sign and instrument both of a very closely knit union with God and of the unity of the whole human race” (Lumen Gentium 1).

A final question needs to be asked: Is not the mission envisaged by Francis an attempt by the Roman Catholic Church to increase its catholicity and to expand its being the ultimate sign of unity for all mankind?

 

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Si scrive “missione”, si legge “cattolicità” (romana). La Evangelii Gaudium di Papa Francesco

2 dicembre 2013

Sin qui il pontificato di Francesco era proceduto con comportamenti, gesti, parole, ecc. che non era facile capire e, soprattutto, mettere dentro un orizzonte coerente.  La frugalità dello stile, il linguaggio della missione, le concessioni unilaterali nel dialogo coi laici, il marianesimo spinto, la distanza dalla difesa dei valori non-negoziabili, costituivano “pezzi” di pontificato che risultava complesso mettere insieme. Prima di diventata papa, Bergoglio non aveva scritto in modo significativo e, quindi, non esisteva un documento che aiutasse a capirne l’universo di senso.  L’enciclica Lumen Fidei (5 luglio 2013) da lui firmata era, in realtà, stata scritta da Benedetto XVI e Francesco l’ha semplicemente promulgata. Era in ogni caso chiaro che non era farina del suo sacco. Ora, finalmente, il Papa ha scritto un testo programmatico, di suo pugno, che presenta la sua visione delle cose in modo più organico.

5 capitoli, 288 paragrafi, più di 220 pagine: la Evangelii Gaudium è un’esortazione apostolica che esce a un anno di distanza dal Sinodo dei vescovi sulla “nuova evangelizzazione”. Essa può essere letta come una dichiarazione d’intenti per il pontificato. Quali sono gli elementi principali?

Intanto, il papa vuole imprimere alla chiesa cattolica un’inversione di tendenza: dall’essere un’istituzione con atteggiamento difensivo e in una modalità manutentiva, vuole spingerla a diventare “missionaria”, coinvolta, pronta a sporcarsi le mani nel mondo, senza essere ossessionata dalla continua ricerca di marcare il territorio. Meno puntature identitarie sulla dottrina e sulla morale e più slancio verso l’esterno per accarezzare, comprendere, lenire le ferite degli uomini e le periferie del mondo. Meno burocrazia ecclesiastica, più missione ecclesiale. Meno divisione tra operatori-spettatori e più partecipazione di tutti. Meno giudizi su chi è “fuori” o chi si trova in zone “irregolari” della vita e più calore fraterno per tutti, mettendo in secondo piano le situazioni moralmente spurie.

Papa Francesco chiama “conversione” questa inversione.  Conversione per lui non è primariamente il pentimento dai peccati e la fede professata in Cristo da parte di chi non crede, ma è il cambiamento costante dei cristiani dalla pesantezza dell’istituzione verso lo slancio della missione (così intesa). Addirittura, arriva a parlare di “conversione del papato” (32). Naturalmente, non preannuncia alcuna riforma in senso biblico, ma un processo di “decentralizzazione” del governo della chiesa verso un ruolo più marcato delle conferenze episcopali regionali. In questo caso, la “conversione del papato” ha più a che fare con la burocrazia interna della chiesa di Roma che non con lo smantellamento delle prerogative dogmatiche dell’ufficio petrino.

Che “conversione” sia una chiamata per i cattolici è evidente anche da come in non-cattolici sono visti nel documento. Gli altri cristiani sono già uniti tramite il battesimo e a loro non è chiesta conversione (244). Gli ebrei sono sotto un’alleanza “mai revocata” e quindi non devono convertirsi (247). I musulmani adorano lo stesso unico e misericordioso Dio (252) e non è chiesto loro altro, se non riconoscere la libertà religiosa. Gli altri non cristiani sono “giustificati mediante la grazia di Dio” (254) anche senza un’esplicita professione di fede in Gesù Cristo. Il “vangelo” di cui parla il titolo non è un messaggio di salvezza dal giusto giudizio di Dio, ma l’accesso ad una più profonda, più piena, più gioiosa salvezza che è già data a tutta l’umanità. La “missione” di cui parla Papa Francesco è, allora, la volontà di estendere a tutti la pienezza della grazia ad un mondo già graziato.

Nel documento papale c’è più “gioia” che “vangelo”. Il vangelo presentato è monco della necessità da parte di tutti di rispondere in pentimento e in fede all’annuncio della buona notizia di Gesù Cristo. Si tratta allora di un’indistinta forma di universalismo religioso, di un incolore pan-cristianesimo in cui tutti sono già inclusi? Non proprio.

Il Papa, nel suo stile argomentativo che si sofferma su parole specifiche e su espressioni particolari, richiama alcuni slogan che aiutano a pensare alla “missione” come lui la intende.  Uno è “l’unità prevale sul conflitto” (226-230) e l’altro è “il tutto è superiore alla parte” (234-237). Sia l’uno che l’altro stanno al cuore della visione cattolico-romana delle cose. Sono due elementi essenziali della “cattolicità” romana, cioè quella capacità della chiesa di Roma di pensarsi come “sacramento”, segno e strumento dell’unità con Dio e dell’unità del genere umano. Il cattolicesimo si presenta quindi come il “luogo” spirituale (ma anche sempre istituzionale) in cui cercare l’unità oltre il conflitto e in cui il tutto comprende le parti, tutte le parti. Allora: si scrive “missione”, ma si legge “cattolicità”.

“Conversione” e “missione” sono le parole chiave del pontificato. Sono due parole bibliche, ma non basta citarle per significare quello che la Bibbia intende quando le impiega. Se non si approfondisce il senso che il Papa dà loro, si correrà il rischio di attribuire loro per default un significato improprio e non si capirà nulla di quello che Francesco sta dicendo.

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68. 2017: From Conflict to Communion?

November 15th, 2013

2017 will mark the 500th anniversary of the beginning of the Protestant Reformation. On 31st October 1517 Martin Luther hang the 95 thesis in Wittenberg and this action is symbolically considered as the watershed event that triggered the Reformation. The anniversary will be a great opportunity to historically review and theologically reassess what Protestantism stood for in the XVI century and what its significance is for us today. This is especially true for those who identify themselves as Protestant and cherish being called Protestant.

Commemoration, not Celebration

One entry point in reflecting on the upcoming anniversary is the recently released document entitled “From Conflict to Communion. Lutheran-Catholic Common Commemoration of the Reformation in 2017”. It is a 90 page, joint statement between the Vatican and the Lutheran Federation that attempts to summarize what happened in the XVI century, the controversies that arose, and the ecumenical re-interpretation of the whole in light of pressing ecumenical concerns. It is a detailed “state of the art” of present-day ecumenism, its patterns of thought, its language and agenda.

Notice that the chosen word is not “celebration” but “commemoration”. Celebration would have implied an element of sober feasting in remembering the Reformation with an attitude of thanksgiving, while not hiding the “dark pages” of Protestant history. On the contrary, in spite of all that is said in Roman Catholic circles about Luther being “a witness of Jesus Christ”, ecumenism cannot celebrate the Reformation. It can only commemorate it. Official Roman Catholicism, even the post-Vatican II and ecumenically minded version of it, can only commemorate it. That is it can only remember, ponder, and reflect on it. Yet, is the standing legacy of the Reformation to be commemorated only? Is the call to go back to the Scriptures not to be celebrated? Is a Christ-centered, grace-depending, God-exalting faith not to be celebrated but only remembered?

The First Ecumenical Imperative?

After providing a carefully written summary of the main issues that divided the (Lutheran) Reformation and Roman Catholicism, the document ends by suggesting five imperatives for preparing for the commemoration. The first is the following: “Catholics and Lutherans should always begin from the perspective of unity and not from the point of view of division in order to strengthen what is held in common even though the differences are more easily seen and experienced”.

Unity, not truth in love, is the main thing. The first imperative is unity above all else. This, however, is not the best way of honoring the Reformation. Among many shortcomings, the Reformation was nonetheless a cry to have one’s own conscience and the church bound to God’s Word alone. This was the “first imperative” of the Reformation from which all else followed, unity included. It is telling that after 500 years unity top priority, replacing the authority of God’s Word. There is the risk of elevating “unity” to the absolute principle, a little “god” claiming pre-eminence. Perhaps this is the ecumenical “idol” of the day that needs to be addressed in a “protestant” way, i.e. recasting unity under the Word of God and not the other way around.

No Protestant Pride, but the “Courage” to Be Protestant

In some Protestant circles there may be the risk of approaching the 500th anniversary as if it were a “pride” parade, which is so common nowadays. The temptation is to idolize the Reformation as if it were a “golden age” of the Church. This would be totally contrary to what the Reformers stood for and would run against the best of the Evangelical Protestant heritage. While celebrating God for the great things that the Reformation brought back to the Church (Christ alone, Grace alone, Faith alone), there should be a sober realization of the many sins in and around the Reformation. A biblical faith should always be self-critical and honest, never indulging in self-celebration.

In 2008 David Wells wrote a book whose title indicates a more fruitful way to honor the Reformation: The Courage to be Protestant. It takes courage to live under the Word of God and to speak prophetically, act in a priestly way, and live as a kingdom people. In today’s ecumenical world, when unity is in danger of being idolized, it takes courage to affirm that the Bible stands over tradition and the church, that Christ is the only mediator, that grace is all you need for your salvation, and that God is a jealous God. It takes courage to make unity dependent on these Biblical truths and not elevating unity to the place of “first imperative”. Where these courageous Christians are, there the Reformation will be adequately celebrated. Otherwise, it will only be commemorated.

 

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68. El ecumenismo no celebrará la Reforma de Lutero

14 de Noviembre de 2013

El año 2017 será el que marcará el 500 aniversario del principio de la Reforma Protestante. El día 31 de octubre de 1517 Martín Lutero colgó las 95 tesis en Wittenberg y esta acción se considera simbólicamente como el acontecimiento decisivo que puso en marcha la Reforma.

Este aniversario será una gran oportunidad para examinar históricamente y evaluar de nuevo teológicamente lo que representó el protestantismo en el siglo XVI y cual es su significado para nosotros en el día de hoy.

Esto es especialmente cierto para los que se identifican a sí mismos como protestantes y valoran el hecho de ser llamados protestantes.

CONMEMORACIÓN, NO CELEBRACIÓN
Un punto de entrada en la reflexión sobre el próximo aniversario es el documento recientemente publicado titulado “Del Conflicto a la Comunión: Conmemoración común luterano-católica de la Reforma en 2017”.

Es una declaración conjunta, de 90 páginas, entre el Vaticano y la Federación Luterana que intenta resumir lo que sucedió en el siglo XVI, las controversias que suscitó y la reinterpretación ecuménica de todo el conjunto a la luz de las insistentes inquietudes ecuménicas.

Es un detallado “estado del arte” del ecumenismo actual, sus pautas de pensamiento, su lenguaje y su programa.

Nótese que la palabra elegida no es “celebración” sino “conmemoración”.

Una celebración hubiese implicado un elemento de fiesta sobria en recuerdo de la Reforma, con una actitud de agradecimiento, aunque no se escondieran las “páginas oscuras” de la historia protestante.

Por el contrario, a pesar de todo lo que se ha dicho en los círculos católico romanos acerca de que Lutero fue “un testimonio de Jesucristo”, el ecumenismo no puede celebrar la Reforma. Únicamente puede conmemorarla.

El catolicismo romano oficial, incluso el post-Vaticano II que ecuménicamente es la versión preparada del mismo, sólo puede conmemorarla.

O sea que solamente puede recordar, meditar y reflexionar sobre la misma. Sin embargo, ¿el legado permanente de la Reforma debe ser solamente conmemorado?

La llamada a volver a las Escrituras, ¿no merece una celebración? Una fe centrada en Cristo, dependiente de la gracia, que exalta a Dios, ¿no es para ser celebrada y no simplemente recordada?

¿EL PRIMER IMPERATIVO ECUMÉNICO?
Después de proporcionar un resumen, esmeradamente escrito, de los principales temas que dividen la Reforma (Luterana) y el Catolicismo romano, el documento termina recomendando cinco imperativos para la preparación de la conmemoración.

El primero es el siguiente: “Los católicos y los luteranos siempre deberían empezar desde la perspectiva de la unidad y no desde el punto de vista de la división, con el propósito de fortalecer lo que se lleva a cabo en común a pesar de que las diferencias se vean y se experimenten más fácilmente”.

La unidad, no la verdad en el amor, es lo más importante. El primer imperativo es la unidad por encima de todo.

Esto, no obstante, no es la mejor forma de honrar la Reforma. Entre sus muchas deficiencias, la Reforma fue, sin embargo, un grito para obligar a la propia conciencia y a la Iglesia a estar unidas sólo a la Palabra de Dios.

Este fue el “primer imperativo” de la Reforma a partir del cual siguieron todos los demás, incluida la unidad.

Es revelador que después de 500 años la unidad sea la principal prioridad, reemplazando a la autoridad de la Palabra de Dios. Existe el riesgo de elevar la “unidad” al principio absoluto, un pequeño “dios” reclamando pre-eminencia. Puede que éste sea el “ídolo” ecuménico del día que necesita ser dirigido de una forma “protestante”, es decir, reformulando la unidad bajo del Palabra de Dios y no al revés.

“ORGULLO PROTESTANTE” Y “VALOR” DE SER PROTESTANTE
En algunos círculos protestantes puede existir el riesgo de enfocar el 500 aniversario como si fuera una marcha del “orgullo protestante”, cosa que es muy común en estos días.

La tentación está en idolatrar la Reforma como si fuera una “edad de oro” de la Iglesia. Esto sería totalmente contrario a lo que los reformadores defendían e iría en contra de lo mejor del patrimonio protestante evangélico.

Mientras se loa a Dios por las grandes cosas que la Reforma trajo de vuelta a la Iglesia (solo Cristo, sola Gracia, sola Fe) debe también haber una sobria comprensión de los muchos pecados que se cometieron en y alrededor de la Reforma. Una fe bíblica deber ser siempre autocrítica y honesta, nunca complacerse en la auto-celebración.

En 2008 David Wells escribió un libro cuyo título indica una manera más fructífera de honrar la Reforma: “The Courage to be Protestant” (El coraje de ser protestante). Se necesita coraje para vivir bajo la Palabra de Dios y hablar proféticamente, actuar de manera sacerdotal y vivir como un pueblo del Reino.

En el mundo ecuménico de hoy, cuando la unidad está en peligro de ser idolatrada, se necesita valor para afirmar que la Biblia está por encima de la tradición y de la Iglesia, que Cristo es el único mediador, que la gracia es todo lo que se requiere para la salvación y que Dios es un Dios celoso.

Hace falta valor para hacer que la unidad dependa de estas verdades bíblicas y no elevando la unidad al lugar de “primer imperativo”. Donde estos valerosos cristianos estén, la Reforma será celebrada adecuadamente. De lo contrario, será únicamente conmemorada.

 Traducción: Rosa Gubianas

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67. The World Entrusted to Mary. Why?

October 16th, 2013

“Where ever Mary is venerated, and devotion to her takes place, there the Church of Christ does not exist”. If Karl Barth is correct, the Church of Christ was not present yesterday (October 13th) in St. Peter’s square when Pope Francis entrusted the world to Mary. The occasion was offered by the veneration of the statue of Our Lady of Fatima which had been brought to Rome for a special Marian day. Marianism is one of the keys to interpreting the present pontificate and this celebration further highlights its pervasiveness.

Entrusting the World to Mary?

If Francis appears to break with many conventions on the way he lives out his being Pope, he is very traditional as far as his Marianism is concerned. Entrusting the world to the Immaculate Heart of Mary was done by Pius XII during World War II (1942) and twice by John Paul II (1982 and 1984). Francis then follows an established XX century tradition that unites pre- and post-Vatican II Roman Catholicism.  These acts are responses to the message that Mary supposedly gave to the three young shepherds in Fatima (Portugal) in 1917.

The entrustment of the world to Mary is therefore something that stems from a recent Marian vision, with no biblical support whatsoever. Entrusting the world is a very important act but one wonders whether or not Christians are instead summoned by God’s Word to entrust their lives to the Creator (e.g. 1 Peter 4:19) or to make their requests to God Himself (e.g. Philippians 4:6). The world was entrusted by God the Father to God the Son (1 Corinthians 15:27) and there is no Mariological development that can overturn this truth.

The Act Itself

What did it mean for Pope Francis to entrust the world to Mary? Basically, the Pope prayed a Marian prayer that contained a number of far-reaching statements and commitments that, biblically speaking, are proper if addressed to the Triune God, but that were instead directed to Mary.

Here is a sample: “We are confident that each of us is precious in your sight and that nothing that dwells in our hearts is unknown to you”. At this point an ordinary Christian would ask: does not the Bible say that we are precious in God’s eyes (e.g. Isaiah 43:4) but never speaks of Mary in these terms? Moreover, does this statement imply that Mary knows the depths of our hearts? Is she omniscient, thus being referred to with attributes that belong to God alone? According to the Bible, God the Father knows the secrets of the heart (Psalm 44:21), God the Son knows men’s thoughts (e.g. Matthew 9:4), God the Spirit intercedes for us with groanings too deep for words (Romans 8:26).

Here is another statement: “Guard our lives in your arms”. Mary is depicted as defending and caring for us, yet another attribute that the Bible relates to God alone. God the Father preserves the lives of the saints (e.g. Psalm 97:10) and the Lord Jesus guards those who were given him by the Father (John 17:12). It is God’s power that guards his children through faith (1 Peter 1:5). Mary has no role in this. Moreover, it is God who gathers “the lambs in his arms” (Isaiah 40:11). Mary’s arms stretched to baby Jesus but nowhere in Scripture are we told that we can look for her embrace.

A final statement of the prayer contains the following invocation: “revitalize and nourish faith; sustain and brighten hope; inspire and animate charity” as if Mary was assigned this role. The Bible teaches that believers ask Jesus to help them grow in their faith (e.g. Mark 9:24), have their hope in God (e.g. Acts 24:15) and know that love is the fruit of the Holy Spirit (Galatians 5:22).

The problem with this Papal Mariology is that it is totally unwarranted if the Christian faith is to be based on the Word of God alone. In spite of all that is said in ecumenical circles about the re-approachment between Roman Catholics and Evangelical Protestants on the Bible, this Act of Entrustment to Mary shows that their differences are not a matter of nuances, but of fundamental issues that lie at the heart of the faith itself. Thankfully, “the earth is the Lord’s and the fullness thereof” (Psalm 24:1) and there is no need to entrust it to someone else.