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73. ¿Restauración de la unidad plena y visible?

28 de Enero de 2014

“¿Está dividido Cristo?” Esta es la pregunta que hace Pablo de forma retórica a los corintios (1 Corintios 1:13), y es también la interrogación que el Papa Francisco ha comentado en su homilía al final de la Semana de Oración para la Unidad de los Cristianos en la Basílica de San Pablo Extramuros de Roma. Su breve meditación muestra la pasión, que es un sello distintivo del presente pontificado, pero también reafirma aspectos importantes del tradicional punto de vista católico romano de la unidad que ha sido expuesto desde el Vaticano II.

UNA PROPUESTA Y UN OBJETIVO
La primera observación tiene que ver con el entendimiento de la unidad como un “objetivo”. En sus comentarios sobre los progresos del movimiento ecuménico, habla de “andar juntos en el camino hacia la unidad”, lo que implica la idea de que la unidad se encuentra delante de nosotros como si fuera una meta a ser alcanzada finalmente. La unidad está, por lo tanto, en un tiempo futuro. ¿Qué significa exactamente la unidad aquí y por qué está en el tiempo futuro? Más adelante, el Papa hace un comentario que arroja luz sobre estas cuestiones. Se refiere a la expectativa de la “restauración de la unidad plena y visible entre todos los cristianos” como el futuro punto culminante de la trayectoria ecuménica. Es necesario, no obstante, desenvolver tal declaración.

Primero está la idea de la “restauración”. Según esta visión, hubo un tiempo en la vida de la iglesia en que existió una plena y visible unidad. No se indica explícitamente, pero quizás se refiere al “indiviso” Primer Milenio de la iglesia antes del Cisma Este – Oeste (1054 d. C.) y de la Reforma Protestante del siglo XVI. Este punto de vista es común en los círculos ecuménicos pero sumamente problemático tanto desde la posición histórica como desde la teológica. Desde sus primeros años, la iglesia sigue constantemente batallando con divisiones y conflictos internos, como lo testifica el texto paulino.

Antes de que hubiera un Papa e incluso después de la existencia del papado, nunca existió una “edad de oro” de la unidad de los cristianos, ¡ni siquiera dentro de la misma Iglesia Católico Romana! La unidad siempre se destaca por estar en tensión y bajo ataque. Más que restaurar la unidad, la Biblia nos anima a “mantener” la unidad que ya nos ha sido dada (Efesios 4:3) y dotar al cuerpo de Cristo con el fin de “alcanzar” la unidad de la fe (4:13). En otras palabras, desde el comienzo de la iglesia, la unidad es tanto una propuesta como un objetivo. Es un don y una tarea. El modelo de restauración implica erróneamente que la unidad era completa en las primeras etapas de la iglesia y que luego se perdió en el camino y ahora necesita ser recuperada. La unidad de los cristianos en cambio es una realidad concedida entre aquellos que el Padre ha dado a su Hijo (Juan 17:9) que debe ser protegida y vivida.

Segundo, el Papa hace referencia a la “plena” y “visible” unidad como el objetivo del ecumenismo. Según la visión católico romano, “pleno” significa completo sacramentalmente, es decir, el mismo bautismo, la misma eucaristía y el mismo ministerio. Dada la autocomprensión de la Iglesia Romana, quiere decir que hay que adherirse y someterse a la teología sacramental de Roma y a la naturaleza jerárquica de su sacerdocio. “Visible” significa que la unidad necesita aceptar la estructura papal visible de la Iglesia Católico Romana como la manera divinamente señalada para la Unica Iglesia de Cristo. El precio ecuménico para la plena y visible unidad es la aceptación del punto de vista católico romano de la iglesia. Todas las demás opiniones son defectuosas y, al final, parciales e invisibles.

¿ORAR A PABLO?
Al terminar su homilía, el Papa Francisco comunica que previamente había visitado la tumba de San Pablo en la Basílica con otros líderes cristianos y se exhortaron mutuamente con estas palabras: “Oremos para que Pablo nos ayude en este camino a medida que avanzamos hacia la unidad”. ¿Es realmente a Pablo a quien hay que orar para avanzar en la unidad? ¿Está él efectivamente en la posición de ayudar? Aquí, de nuevo, se levanta otro obstáculo fundamental hacia la unidad.

Según el Papa, puede orarse a Pablo, pero el mismo Pablo que nos enseñó acerca de la unidad fue quien escribió: “Doblo mis rodillas ante el Padre” (Efesios 3:14). La restauración de la pureza del Evangelio y la preservación de la unidad de los cristianos (como un don y una tarea) se pertenecen conjuntamente. Pablo fue el gran apóstol de los gentiles y señaló al Dios Trino como el modelo de nuestra unidad (Efesios 4). No debemos buscar la ayuda de Pablo más allá de lo que Dios le inspiró para escribir sus epístolas.

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72. Secular Perceptions of Pope Francis

January 6th, 2014

What others understand is an important clue about what we are saying to them. It is true that the filter of the media is highly intoxicated and that it is able to manipulate everything according to its own interests. Interviews and speeches can be arranged by the media in such a way that they become something different than their original intentions and contents. However, what people are taking in is a combination both of what they want to hear and of what we allow them to hear.

In assessing the first months of Francis’ pontificate, the secular media continues to communicate what their perception is concerning what the Pope has said up to this point. On the one hand there is a widespread fascination about his frugal style, charming personality, and engaging language. On the other, there is an appreciation for his “innovative” theology or lack of insistence on traditional tenets of Roman Catholic doctrine. Two recent comments about Francis’ theology deserve some attention.

The Rejection of Church Dogma

Interestngly, on November 20, when Time initially named Francis as a candidate for the “man of the year” award, the website noted that he was nominated for his “rejection of church dogma.” It was only after some pushback from the tweeting world the Time changed the description to read “rejection of luxury.” In truth, Francis has never jettisoned any church dogma, but the perception of the secular media is worth considering. “Rejecting church dogma” is a gross overstatement, but de-emphasizing, marginalizing, and putting doctrine in the background perhaps gets closer to the point. Francis is perceived as a Pope from whom dogma is less important than attitude, mercy more relevant than truth, and generosity of spirit more apt than the affirmation of traditional belief. Some of his statements (e.g. “Proselytism is a solemn non-sense”, “Who am I to judge a homosexual person?”, “Everyone has his own idea of good and evil and must choose to follow the good and fight evil as he conceives them”) have become slogans with which secular people resonate well. They hardly represent a Christian view and it is precisely for this reason that secularists find Francis’ “gospel” a message that is far from church dogma. It is not an open rejection of it, but it is understood as being a significant distancing away from it.

After the dogmatic Benedict XVI, Francis is viewed as a less rigid Pope in terms of doctrine. He is seen as being more relaxed on defending the theological identity of his Church and more committed to focusing on non-divisive issues. Roman Catholics should ask themselves whether him being considered for the “man of the year” honor is a real achievement or istead a matter that should raise concern.

The Abolition of Sin

There is yet another comment that reflects the widespead interpretations of Pope Bergoglio. The editor of the Italian newspaper La Repubblica, Eugenio Scalfari, who had met with Francis and published their conversation a couple of months ago, wrote an articole (December 29) in which he argues that the greatest achievement of the Pope so far is that he has practically abandoned the traditional doctrine of sin. “He has de facto abolished sin”. He is not saying that Francis has openly declared that the official Roman Catholic theology is wrong on its teaching on sin, rather he suggests that Francis sees mercy standing over sin to the point of practically overshadowing it and making it irrelevant. When he speaks about sin, he does so in reference to himself (“I am a sinner”) or to the structural aspects of sin (e.g. the oppression of the poor), but never implying the idea of radical separation from God and divine judgement. He emphasizes that God is present in every person and in so doing he downplays the tragic reality of sin. It is a de facto abolition.

The secularists applaud this development because they generally think that “sin” is the greatest obstacle for the modern conscience in coming to terms with the Christian religion. Whether or not this is a fair assessment of the Pope’s views remains to be seen. It is, however, a matter of fact that his popularity with the media is based on the perception that the Pope is a dogmatically fluid and open-ended Christian leader. Is this an issue entirely dependent on the manipulation of the media or is it also a sign that Francis is actually saying confusing and misleading things? We are now back to where we started, i.e. what others understand is an important clue about what we are saying to them.

 

 

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72. Percepciones seculares del papa Francisco

11 de Enero de 2014

Lo que los demás entienden es una pista importante sobre lo que les estamos diciendo. Es cierto que el filtro de los medios de comunicación está sumamente intoxicado y que pueden manipularlo todo según sus propios intereses. Las entrevistas y los discursos pueden ser arreglados por los medios de comunicación de tal forma que llegan a convertirse en algo totalmente diferente de sus contenidos e intenciones originales. No obstante, lo que la gente toma en consideración es una combinación de lo que ellos quieren oír y de lo que nosotros les permitimos que oigan.

Al evaluar los primeros meses del pontificado de Francisco, los medios de comunicación laicos continúan notificando lo que es su percepción en lo referente a lo que el Papa ha dicho hasta este punto. Por una parte, existe una amplia fascinación por su estilo austero, su encantadora personalidad y su lenguaje atractivo. Por otra parte, hay un reconocimiento a su teología “innovadora” o falta de insistencia en los postulados tradicionales de la doctrina católico romana. Dos recientes comentarios acerca de la teología de Francisco merecen cierta atención.

EL RECHAZO DEL DOGMA DE LA IGLESIA
Curiosamente, el 20 de noviembre, cuando Time en principio nombró a Francisco como candidato al premio “hombre del año”, la página web señaló que se le nominaba por su “rechazo del dogma de la iglesia”. Fue después de algún retroceso por parte del mundo de tweeting cuando  Time  cambió la descripción y pasó a decir “rechazo del lujo”. En realidad, Francisco nunca ha desechado ningún dogma de la iglesia, pero vale la pena considerar la percepción de los medios de comunicación seculares. “Rechazar el dogma de la iglesia” es una tremenda exageración, pero restar importancia, marginar y poner la doctrina en segundo plano tal vez se acerca más al punto deseado.

A Francisco se le percibe como un Papa para quien el dogma es menos importante que la actitud, la misericordia más pertinente que la verdad y la generosidad de espíritu más conveniente que la afirmación de la creencia tradicional. Algunas de sus declaraciones (p.e. “El proselitismo es un solemne sinsentido”, “¿Quién soy yo para juzgar a una persona homosexual?”, “Cada uno tiene su propia idea del bien y del mal y debe elegir y seguir el bien y combatir el mal en la forma en que los concibe”) se han convertido en slogans que resuenan bien entre los seculares. Apenas representan la visión cristiana y es precisamente por este motivo que los laicos hallan en el “evangelio” de Francisco un mensaje que queda lejos del dogma de la iglesia. No es un rechazo abierto del mismo, pero lo entienden como un distanciamiento significativo.

Después del dogmático Benedicto XVI, Francisco es considerado un Papa menos rígido en términos de doctrina. Se le ve más relajado al defender la identidad teológica de su iglesia y más comprometido en centrarse en cuestiones no divisivas. Los católico romanos deberían preguntarse si el hecho de ser considerado para el honor de “hombre del año” es un auténtico logro o un asunto que debe suscitar preocupación.

LA ABOLICIÓN DEL PECADO
Aún hay otro comentario que refleja las extensas interpretaciones del Papa Bergoglio. El editor del periódico italiano  La Repubblica , Eugenio Scalfari, que se reunió con Francisco y publicó su conversación hace un par de meses, escribió un artículo (29 de diciembre) en el cual argumenta que la mayor consecución del Papa hasta ahora es que ha abandonado prácticamente la tradicional doctrina del pecado. “Ha suprimido  de facto  el pecado”. No está diciendo que Francisco ha declarado abiertamente que la teología católico romana oficial está equivocada en sus enseñanzas sobre el pecado, sino que más bien sugiere que Francisco percibe que la misericordia está por encima del pecado hasta el punto de eclipsarlo prácticamente y hacerlo irrelevante. Cuando habla del pecado, lo hace en referencia a sí mismo (“Yo soy un pecador”) o aludiendo a los aspectos estructurales del pecado (p.e. la opresión de los pobres), pero nunca implicando la idea de la radical separación de Dios y del juicio divino. Subraya que Dios está presente en todas las personas y al hacerlo así minimiza la trágica realidad del pecado. Esto es una abolición de facto .

Los secularistas aplauden esta evolución porque en general piensan que “el pecado” es el mayor obstáculo para que la conciencia moderna haga las paces con la religión cristiana. Si se trata o no de una evaluación justa de los puntos de vista del Papa, está por ver. No obstante, es una cuestión de hecho que su popularidad entre los medios de comunicación se basa en la percepción de que el Papa es un líder cristiano dogmáticamente fluido y abierto. ¿Es éste un tema totalmente dependiente de la manipulación de los medios de comunicación o es también un síntoma de que Francisco realmente dice cosas confusas y engañosas? Ahora volvemos donde hemos empezado, es decir, lo que los demás entienden es una pista importante sobre lo que les estamos diciendo.

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71. Ecumenism of Blood

December 20th, 2013

The fact that Pope Francis gives interviews to both the religious and secular press is no longer a surprise. Time magazine chose him as “man of the year” because of his more relaxed and open approach to the media. This attitude was expressed in an interview that was published in the Italian daily newspaper La Stampa on 15th December. The conversation began with a reflection on Christmas but then proceeded to other topics including interesting comments on the Pope’s views on Christian unity.

Is Christian Unity a Priority for You?

It was this question that was abruptly posed to Pope Francis during his interview with La Stampa. He responded with the following: “Yes, for me ecumenism is a priority. Today there is an ecumenism of blood. In some countries they kill Christians for wearing a cross or having a Bible and before killing them they do not ask them whether they are Anglican, Lutheran, Catholic or Orthodox. Their blood is mixed. To those who kill we are Christians. We are united in blood, even though we have not yet managed to take necessary steps towards unity between us and perhaps the time has not yet come … Those who kill Christians don’t ask for your identity card to see which Church you were baptized in. We need to take these facts into consideration.”

These are important words that take into account what happens around the world. Christians who are persecuted in different minority situations belong to different churches and traditions, but they are persecuted mainly because their public faith stirs opposition. Their ecclesiastical identity is definitely secondary. More than their attachment to a church (whatever it might be), what comes first is their allegiance to Christ and His Gospel. It is their personal faith as followers of Jesus that incites persecution against them. In the global world, the neat denominational distinctions and ecumenical complexities make very little sense. The heart of the matter is the heart of the Gospel.

What is Unity Based On?

There is still something to be said about what the Pope states concerning the “ecumenism of blood”. It seems that while recognizing the astonishing reality of Christians being persecuted, notwithstanding their secondary labels, the Pope still thinks about unity in terms of the old Roman Catholic and ecumenical categories. When he refers to “baptism” as marking the Christian identity he echoes the mainstream idea in ecumenical circles, i.e. that Christian unity is based on baptism. According to this view, to be baptized means to be Christian and thus to be united with God and with other Christians. This is the standard Roman Catholic doctrine (e.g. Unitatis Redintegratio 3.22) and ecumenical teaching (e.g. the 1982 Lima Report entitled Baptism, Eucharist and Ministry).

The ecumenism of blood is instead based on a personal faith in Jesus Christ. It is not opposed to baptism, of course, but it is not based on it. It is likely that some of these martyrs are not even baptized or do not formally belong to any historic Christian church. Yet they are believers in Jesus Christ and this is what really counts for their salvation and our unity as a whole as a body of believers. On the other hand, many who are baptized and are canonically members of a religious institution are not Christian at all. The phenomenon of nominalism in the West demonstrates that one can be baptized and yet be totally opposed or indifferent to the Gospel and its message. Christian unity is not based on baptism, but on a personal faith in Jesus Christ. Those who are united are those who are Christian believers in the biblical sense.

Re-thinking Ecumenism

The ecumenism of blood should serve as an encouragement in the re-thinking of our theology concerning Christian unity, beyond sentimental accounts of the persecuted Christians and towards a better Biblical grasp of what is means for the Church to be “one, holy, catholic and apostolic”. According to Vatican II and subsequent magisterial teaching, Christian unity is threefold: professing the same faith, celebrating the same Eucharist, and being united under the same sacramental ministry in apostolic succession in submission to the Papal office. Paradoxically, this understanding of unity is one of the greatest obstacles to Christian unity because it derives unity from a sacrament administered by a church and confuses unity with being under a specific religious institution. The martyrs that the Pope refers to do not fit this definition of unity, and yet they are nonetheless considered to be truly unified Christians.

The ecumenism of blood shows that these dimensions are not necessary for real unity to take place. Instead they only serve as additional burdens and add-ons. Pope Francis has, however, rightly emphasized the reality of the ecumenism of blood. But time will tell whether or not his “ecumenical priority” will stop paying lip-service to it or will instead encourage him to think of ecumenism beyond mere ecumenical stereotypes and towards more biblically warranted patterns. The unity of these martyrs with the Roman Catholic Church may be “imperfect”, but their unity with Christ is perfect and this is what really matters.

 

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70. Trent, 450 Years Later

December 16th, 2013

This year marks the 450th anniversary of the closing of the Council of Trent (1545-1563), the most important event of the Roman Catholic Church in the modern era. A special commemorative event took place in the city of Trent with the presence of an official representative of Pope Francis.

Trent in a Nutshell

The Council of Trent was the official response of the Catholic Church to the XVI century Protestant Reformation. The issues of the Reformation (grace alone, faith alone, Christ alone) were rejected as they were affirmed by the Reformers (mainly Luther) and recast in a sacramental framework that highlighted the contribution of human works and the mediating agency of the church. Actually, Trent declared the incompatibility of the Reformation with what became then the official doctrine of the Church of Rome and the unwillingness of Rome to undertake a process of radical revision in biblical perspective. In order to do that, Trent solidified the theology of the sacraments, hitting with a series of “anathema” those who held Protestant beliefs. Trent intervened in clarifying the Roman position (through decrees and canons) and in launching a series of changes that would impact the life of the Church.

Trent was not an isolated event. The post-Trent phase of the Church was marked by a staunch polemical attitude, first against Protestantism, and then against modernity. If Trent was the Roman response to the Reformation, the season of the Marian dogmas (1854: immaculate conception of Mary; 1950 bodily assumption of Mary), and papal infallibility (1870) were responses to the ideological challenges of Modernity.

Trent’s Heritage

Five centuries later, the Roman Catholic Church has definitely adopted a different pastoral and ecclesial “style” than that of Trent, but it has not substantially changed it, nor denied it in whole or in part. There is no point in which Vatican II moves away from the dogmatic teaching of the Council of Trent. At Vatican II, Trent was kept in the background and remained within the framework of Roman Catholicism. The “Tridentine paradigm” was put, so to speak, in historical perspective, but not forsaken nor forgotten. Vatican II has metabolized Trent but in no way abandoned it.

With the 1999 “Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification” between the Roman Catholic Church and the World Lutheran Federation, Trent was updated in its language and emphases, but reiterated in its substance. The two positions were juxtaposed and held compatible, thus working with a “both-and” scheme that is quintessentially the Roman Catholic way of developing its doctrinal system. The Tridentine “anathemas” were lifted for those who hold the doctrines of the Reformation if reinterpreted ecumenically, but the theological core of contemporary Catholicism is still steeped in its Tridentine content: it is the institutional church that mediates the grace of God through its sacramental system. Grace alone was and is still rejected. A clear indication of this is the case is that nothing has changed in important areas like indulgences, Purgatory, the sacramental prerogatives of the Church, the cult of the saints, etc.

Pope Francis on Trent

On the occasion of the official celebration in Trent (Dec 1st), Pope Francis sent a special envoy to Trent together with a letter. In it he says that the anniversary “behooves the Church to recall with more prompt and attentive eagerness the most fruitful doctrine which came out of that council. Certainly not without cause, the Church has for a long time already accorded so much care to the Decrees and Canons of that Council that are to be recalled and observed”. “No doubt,” the letter continues, “with the Holy Ghost inspiring and suggesting, it especially concerned the Fathers not only to guard the sacred deposit of Christian doctrine, but also to more clearly enlighten mankind”. The same Spirit, according to the Pope, now guides the Church “to restore and meditate upon the most abundant doctrine of Trent”.

Quoting Benedict XVI, Francis ends the letter by saying that (the Church) “is a subject which increases in time and develops, yet always remains the same, the one subject of the journeying People of God”. It is the Pope that affirms the continuity between Trent and the present-day Roman Catholic Church. It is not a static continuity in that the Church “develops” over time, but is a continuity in which the Church changes, while always remaining the same. Both-and, again!